قراءات إضافية
For general surveys of the meaning of magic in a European context, see
Michael D. Bailey, Magic and Superstition in Europe: A
Concise History from Antiquity to the Present (Lanham, 2007) and
Robert Ralley, Magic: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford,
2010). Popular magical traditions in Europe are explored in Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London, 1971);
Stephen Wilson, The Magical Universe: Everyday Ritual and
Magic in Pre-Modern Europe (London, 2000); Owen Davies, Popular Magic: Cunning-Folk in English History (London,
2007). On magic and the notion of superstition, see Euan Cameron, Enchanted Europe: Superstition, Reason, and Religion
1250–1750 (Oxford, 2010). On medieval Europe, see Valerie Flint,
The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe
(Princeton, 1991) and Richard Kieckhefer, Magic in the
Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1989). The esoteric tradition is traced
in B. J. Gibbons, Spirituality and the Occult: From the Renaissance to the Modern Age
(London, 2001) and Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Western
Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction (Oxford,
2008).
Magic in antiquity is explained in Matthew Dickie, Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World (London,
2001); Daniel Ogden, Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the
Greek and Roman World: A Sourcebook (Oxford, 2002); Geraldine Pinch,
Magic in Ancient Egypt (Austin, 1994);
Rosalie David, Religion and Magic in Ancient
Egypt (London, 2002); Gideon Bohak, Ancient
Jewish Magic: A History (Cambridge, 2008). Early Arabic and Islamic
magic is explored in Emilie Savage-Smith (ed.), Magic and
Divination in Early Islam (Aldershot, 2004).
On books of magic, see Owen Davies, Grimoires: A
History of Magic Books (Oxford, 2009); Sophie Page, Magic in Medieval Manuscripts (London, 2004); Benedek
Lang, Manuscripts of Learned Magic in the Medieval Libraries
of Central Europe (Philadelphia, 2008); Richard Kieckhefer, Forbidden Rites: A Necromancer’s Manual of the Fifteenth
Century (Stroud, 1997).
For a flavour of magical traditions around the globe, and how they have
been represented, try Robert A. Voeks, Sacred Leaves of
Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil (Austin,
1997); David Murray, Matter, Magic, and Spirit: Representing
Indian and African American Belief (Philadelphia, 2007); Ronald
Hutton, Shamans: Siberian Spirituality and the Western
Imagination (London, 2007); Jane DeBernardi, Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia
(Stanford, 2006); Lee Siegel, Net of Magic: Wonders and
Deceptions in India (Chicago, 1991).
Brief introductions to the debates regarding the anthropology of
religion, magic, and science are provided in Graham Cunningham, Religion and Magic: Approaches and Theories (Edinburgh,
1999), and Rebecca L. Stein and Philip L. Stein, The
Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft, 2nd edn. (Boston,
2008). For more depth, see Randall Styers, Making Magic:
Religion, Magic and Science in the Modern World (Oxford,
2004).
Magical practice and modernity is explored in Ronald Hutton, The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan
Witchcraft (Oxford, 1999); Alison Butler, Victorian Occultism and the Making of Modern Magic (Basingstoke,
2011); Susan Greenwood, The Nature of Magic: An Anthropology
of Consciousness (Oxford, 2005); Alex Owen, The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the
Modern (Chicago, 2004).
