قراءات إضافية
السيرة الذاتية
There have been five biographers of Keynes: Roy Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (1951); Charles
Hession, John Maynard Keynes (1984); D.
Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography
(1992); Paul Davidson, John Maynard
Keynes (2007); and R. Skidelsky, John
Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920 (1983), and John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour
1920–1937 (1992), and John Maynard
Keynes, Fighting for Britain 1937–1946 (2001). A single-volume
abridgment, John Maynard Keynes: Economist, Philosopher
Statesman 1883–1946, was published in 2003. Skidelsky’s Keynes: The Return of the Master (2009) was a plea
for his relevance to understand, and prescribe for, the slump of 2008-9. Anand
Chandavarkar, The Unexplored Keynes and Other
Essays (2009) offers an engaging account of Keynes’s many-sided
genius. Justyn Walsh, Keynes and the Market
(2008) shows how Keynes’s varied experience as an investor influenced his
economic theories.
النظرية
Only a tiny sample of a vast secondary literature can be
given here. Paul Krugman, Introduction to Keynes’s The General Theory of Employment,
Interest and Money (2006) is a scintillating account of Keynes’s
central theory from a ‘new Keynesian’ standpoint. Michael Stewart, Keynes and After (3rd edn. 1986), is the most
accessible introductory text. E. Eshag, From Marshall to
Keynes: An Essay on the Monetary Theory of the Cambridge School
(1963), the classic account, needs to be supplemented by R. J. Bigg, Cambridge and the Monetary Theory of Production
(1990). D. Patinkin, Keynes’s Monetary Thought: A Study
of its Development (1977), as well as his essay on Keynes in the
New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, ed.
J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman (1987), are standard technical accounts.
J. R. Hicks’s Critical Essays in Monetary
Theory (1967) has an illuminating ‘Note on the Treatise (on
Money)’. Richard Kahn, The Making of Keynes’s General
Theory (1984), is important first-hand testimony; G. L. S.
Shackle, The Years of High Theory: Invention and
Tradition in Economic Thought 1926–39 (1967), is an excellent
account of the ‘double revolution’ in Cambridge. Four stimulating
interpretations of Keynes’s theory are Tim Congdon, Keynes, the Keynesians, and Monetarism (2007); Gilles Dostaler,
Keynes and His Battles (2007);
A. H. Meltzer, Keynes’s Monetary Theory: A Different
Interpretation (1988); and Murray Milgate, Capital and Employment: A Study of Keynes’s
Economics (1982). Victoria Chick, On
Money, Method and Keynes: Selected Essays, ed. Philip Arestis and
Sheila Dow (1992), and Hyman P. Minsky, John Maynard
Keynes (1975) are important interpretations from the
post-Keynesian standpoint. P. Clarke, The Keynesian
Revolution in the Making 1924–1936 (1988) is essential reading;
R. W. Dimand, The Origins of the Keynesian
Revolution (1988) covers some of the same ground from a technical
standpoint. P. V. Mini, Keynes, Bloomsbury and The
General Theory (1991) is a stimulating, off-beat essay. John
Williamson’s essay, ‘Keynes and the International Economic Order’, in D.
Worswick and J. Trevithik (eds.), Keynes and the Modern
World (1983) is exemplary. Indispensable introductions to
Keynes’s epistemology are Anna M. Carabelli, On Keynes’s
Method (1988) and R. M. O’Donnell, Keynes: Philosophy, Economics and Politics (1989). Terence
Hutchison, On the Methodology of Economics and the
Formalist Revolution (2000) is an excellent account of how
economics came to be ‘mathematicized’. Taleb Nassim, The
Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (2007) shows up
the fraudulence of most mathematical forecasting models.
ميراث كينز
D. Patinkin, Money, Interest and Prices: An
Integration of Monetary and Value
Theory (1956), and the Hicks-Patinkin exchange which followed it
in the Economic Journal (June 1957 and
September 1959), were key to establishing the ‘synthesis’ between the
neo-classical theorists and the policy Keynesians; an accommodation challenged
by A. Leijonhufvud, On Keynesian Economics and the
Economics of Keynes (1966). (See also Leijonhufvud’s essay,
Keynes and the Classics (Institute of
Economic Affairs, 1969).) David Marquand, The
Unprincipled Society (1988) offers a lively interpretation of
‘Keynesian social democracy’ in Britain; for the impact of Keynesian ideas in
the United States, H. Stein, The Fiscal Revolution in
America (1969) is the key text; for Keynes’s influence on other
countries, see Peter A. Hall (ed.), The Political Power
of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations (1989). Eric Roll,
The World After Keynes: An Examination of the
Economic Order (1968) is a standard offering from the ‘golden
age’. The crucial monetarist text is Milton Friedman’s Presidential address to
the American Economic Association, 29 December 1967, on ‘The Role of Monetary
Policy’, published in the American Economic
Review (March 1968), 1–17. The main text of ‘new Keynesianism’ is
N. G. Mankiw and D. Romer (eds.), New Keynesian
Economics (1991). Paul Davidson’s Money
and the Real World (2002 edition) is the statement of one of the
leading ‘post-Keynesians’. Henry Hazlitt (ed.), The
Critics of Keynesian Economics (1960, 1977) is a collection of
anti-Keynesian and sceptical essays. Arjo Klamer, The
New Classical Macroeconomics: Conversations with New Classical Economists
and Their Opponents (1984) is an indispensable window into the
mindset of the Chicago School. Brian Snowdon and Howard R. Vane, Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development and Current
State (2005) charts the ‘decline and fall’ of the original
Keynesian revolution, and the rise of ‘new Keynesianism’ and the ‘new classical
economics’, with interviews with some of the leading
participants.
