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المراجع

الفصل الأول

  • R. Dworkin, “The Right to Ridicule”, New York Review of Books, 53/5 (23 Mar. 2006).
  • T. M. Scanlon on “Ethics Bites” podcast. This podcast and transcript are available from www.open2.net/ethicsbites/.
  • A. Meiklejohn, “Freedom of Speech”, in P. Radcliff (ed.), Limits of Liberty: Studies of Mill’s On Liberty (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1966), pp. 19–26.
  • J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974).
  • Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr’s observation that freedom of speech should not include the freedom to shout “Fire!” in a crowded theatre is quoted in G. Edward White, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). White points out that Holmes wasn’t completely consistent in his application of the “clear and present danger” criterion in subsequent cases.
  • Holmes’s declaration that special circumstances justified a special restriction on freedom is quoted in “Schenck v. United States 249. U.S. 47 (1919)”, in R. A. Posner (ed.), The Essential Holmes (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 315.
  • The “best test of truth” quotation is from G. Edward White, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 110.
  • Sue Hemming from the CPS is quoted on the BBC website at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6235279.stm.

الفصل الثاني

  • Quotations from J. S. Mill, On Liberty, are from the Penguin edition (Harmondsworth, 1974), pp. 123, 76, 105, and 119.
  • The passage that David Irving objected to can be found in D. Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994), p. 181.
  • The judge’s comments can be found in D. Lipstadt, History on Trial: My Day in Court with David Irving (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), pp. 274-5.
  • The Calgary quotation is from Lipstadt, History on Trial, p. 84.
  • The Alan Dershowitz quotation is from Lipstadt, History on Trial, p. 304.
  • The “that would look great on your CV” quotation is from R. Dworkin, “The Right to Ridicule”, New York Review of Books, 53/5 (23 Mar. 2006), p. 281.

الفصل الثالث

  • P. Tatchell, New Humanist, 117/3 (Autumn 2002).
  • Stewart Lee, podcast Thought for the World, 23 February 2007, www.thoughtfortheworld.org/media/2007-02-11_stewartlee.mp3
  • L. Appignanesi (ed.), Free Expression is No Offence (London: Penguin in association with PEN, 2005), contains the quotations from Rowan Atkinson (“The Opposition’s Case”, p. 60), Philip Henscher (“Free Speech Responsibly”, pp. 76-7), and G. K. Bhatti (“A Letter”, p. 28).
  • O. Kamm, “New Labour: The Tyranny of Moderation”, Index on Censorship, 36/2 (2007), 84.
  • R. A. Posner, “The Speech Market and the Legacy of Schenck”, in L. C. Bollinger and G. R. Stone (eds.), Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in The Modern Era (London: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 136.
  • Ali’s attack on Islamic teaching is from A. H. Ali, Infidel: My Life (London: The Free Press, 2007), p. 314.
  • Further citations from Ali are from A. H. Ali, The Caged Virgin: A Muslim Woman’s Cry for Reason (New York: Free Press, 2006), pp. 157, 141, and 154.
  • K. Malik, “Don’t Incite Censorship”, Index on Censorship, 36/2 (2007), 81.

الفصل الرابع

  • For the controversial definition of pornography, see C. MacKinnon, Only Words (London: HarperCollins, 1995), p. 87.
  • F. Schauer, Free Speech: A Philosophical Enquiry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 181.
  • The MacKinnon quotation concerning pornography as a free speech issue can be found on p. x of Only Words, the “desperate women” quotation on p. 14, and “living out” pornography on p. 13.
  • B. Williams (ed.), Obscenity and Film Censorship: An Abridgement of the Williams Report (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 57.
  • The “negative liberty” quotation is from R. Dworkin, “Liberty and Pornography”, New York Review of Books, 38/4 (15 Aug. 1991).
  • “Liberals defend pornography” is from R. Dworkin, “Women and Pornography”, New York Review of Books, 40/17 (21 Oct. 1993).
  • Mapplethorpe is cited in A. Mahon, Eroticism and Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 230-1.

الفصل الخامس

  • R. A. Posner, “The Speech Market and the Legacy of Schenck”, in L. C. Bollinger and G. R. Stone (eds.), Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era (London: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 150.
  • C. R. Sunstein, “The Future of Free Speech”, in L. C. Bollinger and G. R. Stone (eds.), Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era (London: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 285.

الخاتمة

  • The Socrates quotation is from Plato, The Apology 37e–38b, Last Days of Socrates, rev. H. Tarrant (London: Penguin, 2003).
  • H. Kennedy, “Postscript”, in L. Appignanesi (ed.), Free Expression is No Offence (London: Penguin in association with PEN, 2005), p. 246.
  • R. Dworkin, “The Right to Ridicule”, New York Review of Books, 53/5 (23 Mar. 2006).
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