ملاحظات
القسم الأول: من الآلهة إلى القابلات
الفصل الأول: الأطباء القدامى
(1)
Ludwig Edelstein, “The Hippocratic Oath
Text, Translation and Interpretation”, Supplement to the Bulletin of the
History of Medicine, I (1943), p.
3.
(2)
J. Schouten, The Rod and the Serpent of
Asklepios: Symbol of Medicine
(Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1967). p.
119.
(3)
Ralph H. Major, A History of
Medicine (Springfield, III.:
Charles C Thomas, 1954), I,
102.
(4)
Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead, A History of Women in
Medicine (Haddam, Conn.: The
Haddam Press, 1938), p.
33.
(5)
Walter Addison Jayne, The Healing Gods of Ancient
Civilizations (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1925), p.
248.
(6)
F. H. Garrison, “The Use of the
Caduceus in the Insignia of the Army Medical
Corps,” Bulletin of the
Medical Library Association, IX,
2 (1919), p. 13.
(7)
John T. Bunn, “Origin of the
Caduceus Motif.” Journal
of the American Medical
Association, CCII, 7 (1967), pp.
163-64.
(8)
Schouten, op. cit., pp.
117–25.
(9)
Hurd-Mead, op. cit., p.
16.
(10)
Christopher Marlowe, Dr. Faustus, lines
1312, 1314.
(11)
Hurd-Mead, op. cit., p.
45.
(12)
Ibid., pp. 71,
93.
(13)
Ibid., p.
93.
الفصل الثاني: النساء الممارسات في العصور الوسطى
(1)
Hurd-Mead, A History of Women in Medicine,
pp. 127–41.
(2)
Cecilia C. Mettler, History of
Medicine, ed. Fred A. Mettler
(Philadelphia & Toronto: The Blakiston
Company, 1947), p. 949.
(3)
Quoted in Hurd-Mead, op. cit., p.
143.
(4)
Charles Singer, “The Scientific
Views and Visions of Saint Hildegard
(1098–1180)”, Studies in
the History and Method of
Science, ed. Charles Singer (Oxford:
The Clarendon Press, 1917). p.
53.
(5)
Lauder Brunton, “Some Women in
Medicine” Canadian
Medical Association Journal,
XLVIII (January 1943). P.
61.
(6)
Hurd-Mead, op. cit., p.
183.
(7)
Cited in Mettler, op. cit., p.
196.
(8)
Hurd-Mead, loc. cit.
(9)
Singer, op.
cit., p.
6.
(10)
James J. Walsh, Medieval Medicine
(London: Black, 1920), p.
164.
(11)
Quoted in Eileen Power, “Some Women
practitioners of Medicine in The Middle Ages”,
Proceedings Royal
Society of Medicine, History of Medicine
Section XV, 6 (1922), p.
23.
(12)
Ibid., p.
21.
(13)
Ibid., p.
22.
(14)
Ibid.
الفصل الثالث: علم التوليد
(1)
Quoted in Hurd-Mead, A History of Women in
Medicine, p.
55.
(2)
William Goodell, A Sketch of the Life and
Writing of Louyse Bourgeois
(Philadelpia: Collins, 1876), p.
6.
(3)
Irving S. Cutter and Henry R.
Viets, A short History
of Midwifery (Philadelphia: W. B.
Saunders, 1964), p. 69.
(4)
Goodell, op. cit., p.
8.
(5)
Ibid., p.
9.
(6)
Quoted in Cutter and Viets.
op.
cit., p.
75.
(7)
Quoted in Hurd-Mead, op. cit., p.
420.
(8)
Miles H. Phillips, “Percival
Willughby, Gentleman. A Man-Midwife of the 17th
Century”, Lloyd Roberts Memorial Lecture,
delivered at St. Mary’s Hospitals, Manchester,
November 14, 1952 (Manchester, England:
pamphlet, 1953), p. 4.
(9)
Ibid., pp. 5,
6.
(10)
Cutter and Viets, op. cit., p.
46.
(11)
Quoted in James. H. Aveling,
English Midwives,
Their History and Prospects
(London: J. A. Churchill, 1872), pp. 63-64, from
State
Trials 32 Chalres
II.
(12)
Ibid., p.
64.
(13)
Ibid., p.
76.
(14)
Ibid., p.
61.
(15)
Cutter and Viets, op. cit., p.
199.
(16)
Cited in Hurd-Mead, op. cit., p.
501.
(17)
Quoted in Esther Pohl Lovejoy,
Women Doctors of the
World (New York: The Macmillan
Company, 1957), p. 23.
(18)
Hurd-Mead, op. cit., pp. 428-29, 501
n.
القسم الثاني: النضال في سبيل حقوق النساء في الطب
الفصل الرابع: الدكتورة باري
(1)
Alfred Swaine Taylor, The Principles and Practice of
Medical Jurispru dence (2nd ed.
Philadelphia: H. C. Lea, 1873), II,
286.
(2)
Lovejoy, Women
Doctors of the World, p.
278.
(3)
George Thomas, Fifty Years of My Life (London:
Macmillan & Company, 1876), II,
96.
(4)
Brunton, “Some Women in Medicine”, P.
61.
الفصل الخامس: الخطوات الأولى: دكتورة هنت، دكتورة فولجر، دكتورة كلارك
(1)
Elizabeth Bass, “Pioneer Women Doctors
of the South”, Journal of the American Medical
Women’s Association, II, 12 (1947), p.
557.
(2)
Ibid.
(3)
Ibid.
(4)
Lovejoy, Women Doctors of the World, p.
79.
(5)
Bertha L. Selmon,
“History of Women in Medicine”,
Medical Woman’s
Journal, LIII (March 1946),
p. 41.
(6)
Carol Lopate, Women in Medicine,
(Baltimor: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1968), p. 7.
(7)
Frederick Clayton Waite, Western Reserve University
Centennial History of the School of
Medicine (Cleveland: Western
Reserve University Press, 1946), p.
126.
(8)
Ibid.
الفصل السادس: إليزابث بلاكويل
(1)
Ruth Fox Hume, Great Women of Medicine (New York:
Random House, 1964), p. 2.
(2)
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell,
Pioneer Work in
Opening the Medical Profession to
Women (London: Longmans,
Green, & Company, 1895), pp.
65-66.
(3)
John B. Blake, “Women and Medicine
in Ante-bellum America”, Bulletin of the History of
Medicine, XXXIX, 2 (1965), p.
107.
(4)
Lopate, Women in Medicine, p.
2.
(5)
Blackwell, op. cit., pp.
20-21.
(6)
Ibid., p.
27.
(7)
Ibid., p.
33.
(8)
Ibid., p.
61.
(9)
Brunton, “Some Women in Medicine”,
p. 62.
(10)
Mary St. John Fancourt, They Dared to Be
Doctors (London: Longmans, Green,
& Company, 1965), p.
27.
(11)
Quoted in Blackwell, op. cit., p. 259,
from Stephen Smith, “The Medical Co-education of
the Sexes”, Church
Union
(1892).
(12)
Blackwell, op. cit., p.
164.
(13)
Ibid., p.
176.
(14)
Ibid., p.
186.
(15)
Hume, op.
cit., p.
31.
(16)
Waite, Western Reserve Centennial History of the
School of Medicine, p.
126.
(17)
Lovejoy, Women Doctors of the world, p.
52.
(18)
Blackwell, op. cit., p.
210.
(19)
Marie E. Zakrzewska, A women’s Quest,
ed. Agens C. Vietor (New York: D. Appleton
& Company, 1924), p.
211.
(20)
Blackwell, op. cit., pp.
222-23.
(21)
Fredrick C. Waite, “Early Medical
Services Women”, Journal
of the American Medical Women’s
Association, III (1948), p.
201.
(22)
Fancourt, op. cit., p.
126.
الفصل السابع: إليزابث جاريت أندرسون
(1)
Quoted in Louisa Garrett Anderson,
Elizabeth Garrett
Anderson, 1836–1917 (London: Faber
& Faber, 1919), pp.
1-2.
(2)
Ibid., p. 41.
(3)
Ibid., pp. 42,
43.
(4)
Hume, Great
Women of Medicine, p.
91.
(5)
Anderson, op. cit., p.
44.
(6)
Hume, op.
cit., p.
93.
(7)
Anderson, op. cit., p.
50.
(8)
Ibid., pp.
51-52.
(9)
Ibid., pp. 66,
67.
(10)
Ibid., p.
84.
(11)
Hume, op.
cit., p.
104.
(12)
Anderson, op. cit., p.
96.
(13)
Ibid.
(14)
Ibid., p.
101.
(15)
Ibid., p.
112.
(16)
Ibid., p.
113.
(17)
Ibid., p.
118.
(18)
Hume, op.
cit., p.
115.
(19)
Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead, “Elizabeth
Garrett Anderson”, Medical World (July, 1940), p.
407.
(20)
Anderson, op. cit., p.
261.
(21)
Ibid., p.
262.
(22)
Brunton, “Some Women in Medicine”,
p. 64.
الفصل الثامن: المعركة من أجل الاعتراف بمكانة الطب النسوي في الولايات المتحدة
(1)
Lopate, Women in Medicine, p.
8.
(2)
Richard Harrison Shryock, “Women in
American Medicine”, Journal of the American Medical Women’s
Association, V, 9 (1950), p.
376.
(3)
Ibid.
(4)
Brunton, “Some Women in Medicine”,
p. 63.
(5)
Ibid.
(6)
Shryock, loc, cit.
(7)
Abraham Flexner, “Medical Education
in the United States and Canada”, Bulletin of the Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching, No. 4 (1910), p.
12.
(8)
Lopate, op.
cit., p. 15, Emily White,
Medical
News (Philadelphia), August 13,
1895, cited in “A Medical-Literary Causerie: The
Evolution of the Medical Women”, Practitioner, LVI
(January–June, 1896), p.
292.
(9)
Lopate, loc. Cit., Flexner, op. cit., p. 6,
Bass, “Pioneer Women Doctors of the South”, p.
556.
(10)
Flexner, op. cit., p.
179.
(11)
Shryock, op. cit., p.
375.
(12)
Catharine Macfarlane,
“Women Physicians and the Medical
Societies”, Transactions & Studies of the
College of physicians of
Philadelphia 4th ser., XXVI
(1960), p. 81.
(13)
Quoted in Familiar Medcial
Quotations, ed. Maurice B.
Strauss (Boston: Little Brown, 1968), p.
662, from Transactions of the American Medical
Association, XXII, 17
(1871).
(14)
Morris Fishbein, The History of The American
Medical Association
(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1947), p.
77.
(15)
Quoted in Macfarlane, op. cit., p.
80.
(16)
Ibid., pp.
81-82.
(17)
Ibid., p.
82.
(18)
Ibid.
الفصل التاسع: التقدم صوب المساواة في الخارج
(1)
Brunton, “Some Women in Medicine”, p.
64.
(2)
“A Medico-Literary Causerie”, p.
408.
(3)
Brunton, loc.
cit.
(4)
“A Medico-Literary Causerie”, p.
290.
(5)
Ibid., p.
288.
الفصل العاشر: ماري بوتنام جاكوبي
(1)
Victor Robinson, “Mary Putnam Jacobi”,
Medical Life,
XXXV, 7 (1928), pp. 336-37,
338.
(2)
Hume, Great
Women of Medicine, p. 176, See also Robinson,
op. cit., p.
339.
(3)
Robinson, op.
cit., pp.
343-44.
(4)
Familiar
Medical Quotations, p.
662.
(5)
Robinson, op.
cit., p. 345.
(6)
Ibid., p.
346.
(7)
Ibid., pp.
346-47.
(8)
In Memory of
Mary Putnam Jacobi (New York: Academy
of Medicine, 1907), pp. 4, 5-6,
19-20.
(9)
Quoted in Robinson, op. cit., pp.
353.
الفصل الحادي عشر: إميلي دننج بارنجر
(1)
Emily Dunning Barringer, Bowery to Bellevue, The Story of
New York’s First Woman Ambulance
Surgeon (New York: W. W. Norton
& Company, 1950), p.
25.
(2)
Quoted in Iris Noble, First Woman Ambulance
Surgeon-Emily Barrniger (New
York: Julian Messner, 1962), pp.
22-23.
(3)
Barringer, op.
cit., p. 41.
(4)
Ibid., p.
44.
(5)
Ibid., p.
53.
(6)
Ibid., p.
70.
(7)
Ibid., p.
76.
(8)
Ibid., p.
77.
(9)
Ibid.
(10)
Ibid., p.
134.
(11)
Ibid., p.
146.
(12)
Ibid., p.
158.
(13)
Ibid., p.
259.
الفصل الثاني عشر: أليس هاملتون
(1)
Alice Hamilton, Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The
Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.
D. (Boston: Little, Brown &
Company, 1943), pp. 29-30.
(2)
Ibid., p. 38.
(3)
Ibid., p. 44.
(4)
Ibid., p.
69.
(5)
Ibid., p.
115.
(6)
Ibid., p.
127.
(7)
Ibid., pp.
245-46.
(8)
Quoted in Joseph J. Elia., Jr.,
“Alice Hamilton-1869–1970”, New England Journal of
Medicine, CCLXXXIII, 18 (1970),
p. 994.
القسم الثالث: نساء في الميادين ذات الصلة
الفصل الثالث عشر: التمريض
(1)
Minnie Goodnow, Outlines of Nursing
History (5th ed. Philadelphia
& London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1933),
p. 24.
(2)
Quoted in M. Adelaide
Nutting and Lavinia L. Dock, A History of
Nursing, 4 vols. (New York,
London: G. P. Putman’s Sons, 1907–1912),
I, 32.
(3)
Quoted in Goodnow,
op.
cit., pp.
25-26.
(4)
Quoted in Nutting and Dock,
op. cit.,
I, p. 44, from Edward Upham, The Sacred Books of
Ceylon.
(5)
Nutting and Dock, op. cit., I, p.
101.
(6)
Ibid., I, pp.
296-97.
(7)
Quoted in ibid., I, p.
292.
(8)
Hurd-Mead, A History of Women in Medicine, p.
210n.
(9)
Quoted in Nutting and Dock,
op. cit.,
I, p. 175n.
(10)
Hurd-Mead, op. cit., p.
231.
(11)
Nutting and Dock, op. cit., pp.
449–502.
(12)
Goodnow, op. cit., pp.
57-58.
(13)
Ibid., p.
59.
(14)
Ibid., p.
63.
(15)
Ibid., p.
75.
الفصل الرابع عشر: فلورانس نايتنجيل
(1)
Hume, Great
Women of Medicine, p.
50.
(2)
Cecil Woodham-Smith, Florence Nightingale,
1820–1910 (New York, London,
Tornto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951), p.
34.
(3)
Ibid., p.
38.
(4)
Ibid., pp.
54-55.
(5)
Ibid., p.
61.
(6)
G. E. W. Wolstenholme, “Florence
Nightingale: New Lamps for Old”, Proceedings of Royal Socitey
of Medicine, LXIII (December,
1970), p. 1283.
(7)
Woodham-Smith, op. cit., pp.
87-88.
(8)
Ibid., p.
90.
(9)
Ibid., p.
92.
(10)
Ibid., pp.
95-96.
(11)
Hume, op.
cit., pp.
64-65.
(12)
Ibid., pp.
65-66.
(13)
Woodham-Smith, op. cit., p.
142.
(14)
Hume, op.
cit., p.
67.
(15)
Ibid., p.
71.
(16)
Woodham-Smith, op. cit., p.
222.
(17)
Ibid., pp. 222,
247.
(18)
Wolstnholme, op. cit., p.
1284.
(19)
Goodnow, Outlines of Nursing History, p.
108.
الفصل الخامس عشر: دوروثيا لند ديكس
(1)
Helen E. Marshall, Dorothea Dix, Forgotten
Samaritan (Chapel Hill: The
University of North Carolina Press, 1937), p.
6.
(2)
Ibid., p. 17.
(3)
Ibid., p. 21.
(4)
Quoted in ibid., p.
62.
(5)
Dorothea Lynde Dix, “Memorial to
the Legislature of Massachusetts”, Old South Leaflets,
VI, No. 148 (1843), pp. 2,
6.
(6)
Marshall, op. cit., pp.
89-90.
(7)
Dix, op.
cit., p.
2.
(8)
Marshall, op. cit., p.
93.
(9)
Frankin B. Sanborn, Memoirs of pliny
Earl (Boston: Damrell &
Upham, 1898), p. 367.
(10)
Marshall, op. cit., p.
100.
(11)
Quoted in ibid., pp.
150-51.
(12)
Quoted in ibid., p.
158.
(13)
Quoted in ibid., p.
162.
(14)
Quoted in ibid., p.
181.
(15)
Quoted in ibid., pp.
182-83.
(16)
Quoted in ibid., p.
231.
(17)
Quoted in Seth Curtis Beach,
Daughters of the
Puritans (Boston: American
Unitarian Association, 1905), p.
161.
(18)
Steward H. Holbrook, Lost Men of History
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1946), pp.
129, 142.
الفصل السادس عشر: جين آدمز
(1)
Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House, with
Autobiographical Notes (New York: The
Macmillan Company, 1929), p.
3.
(2)
Ibid., p. 49.
(3)
Ibid., p. 65.
(4)
Ibid., pp. 66,
68-69.
(5)
Ibid., p. 85.
(6)
Ibid., pp.
125–27.
(7)
Ibid., p.
90.
(8)
Ibid., p.
94.
(9)
Ibid., pp. 125,
127.
(10)
Ibid., p.
112.
(11)
Ibid., p.
298.
الفصل السابع عشر: ماري كوري
(1)
Eve Curie, Madame Curie, translated by
Vincent Sheean (New York: Doubleday, Doran,
& Company, 1937), p.
70.
(2)
Ibid., p.
98.
(3)
Quoted in ibid., pp.
120-21.
(4)
Quoted in ibid., p.
125.
(5)
Ibid., p.
137.
(6)
Quoted in ibid., pp.
160-61.
(7)
Quoted in ibid., p.
164.
(8)
Quoted in ibid., p.
169.
(9)
Quoted in ibid., pp.
170-71.
(10)
Ibid., pp.
176-77.
(11)
Ibid., pp.
203-204.
(12)
Ibid., p.
191.
(13)
Ibid., p.
202.
(14)
Ibid., p.
242.
(15)
Ibid., p.
254.
(16)
Ibid., p.
259.
(17)
Ibid., p.
336.
(18)
Ibid., p.
345.
(19)
Ibid., p.
355.
(20)
Quoted in ibid., p.
373.
(21)
Ibid., pp. 379,
384.
ختام
(1)
Bird, Caroline, with Sarah Welles
Beriller, Born Female: The
High Cost of Keeping Women Down, (New
York: David Mckay Company, 1968), p.
109.
(2)
Beverly C. Morgan, “Admission of Women
into Medical Schools in the United States: Current
Status”, The Woman
Physician, XXVI, 6 (1971), p.
305.
(3)
Josephine E. Renshaw and Maryland Y.
Pennell, “Distribution of Women Physicians, 1969”,
The Woman
Physician, XXVI, 4 (1971), pp.
187–91, 195.
(4)
Alice D. Chenoweth, “Women in
Medicine”, Journal of the
American Medical Women’s Association,
XXIII, 12 (1968), p. 1139.
