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(1-1) Structure of the twenty most commonly occurring amino
acids
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(1-2) The peptide bond
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(1-3) Representations of a beta-turn secondary structure
and an alpha-helix
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(1-4) Photo 51, Franklin and Gosling’s X-ray diffraction
pattern which revealed the double helical structure of DNA (King’s
College London Archives/Science Photo Library.)
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(1-5) The first high resolution protein structure published
in 1961: myoglobin (Reproduced with permission from Bernal, J. Structure
of Proteins, Nature 143, 663–7.
Copyright © 1939, Springer Nature.
https://doi.org/10.1038/143663a0.)
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(1-6) The Hershey-Chase experiment (© Sep. 29, 2015,
OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0
license.)
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(2-1) Cartoon representation of a lipid
bilayer
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(2-2) (a) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized
form; (b) cholesterol; (c) unsaturated phospholipid; (d) adenosine
triphosphate; and (e) disaccharide sucrose
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(3-1) Common protein structural
motifs
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(3-2) Two examples of porphyrins
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(3-3) Catalytic mechanism of
catalase
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(3-4) Michaelis-Menten saturation
curve
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(4-1) The four DNA nucleotides and an RNA
nucleotide
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(4-2) The B-DNA double helix and base pairing holding the
two strands together
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(4-3) Genetic code (Genetics, Evolution, and Molecular
Systematics Laboratory at the Department of Biology of the Memorial
University of Newfoundland.)
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(4-4) tRNAs loaded with amino acids bind to codons on an
mRNA within a ribosome
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(5-1) Light dependent reaction of
photosynthesis
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(6-1) The Meselson and Stahl
experiment
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(6-2) DNA polymerase active site
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(6-3) The DNA replication fork
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(6-4) MutH mismatch repair system
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(6-5) Sanger’s DNA sequencing
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(6-6) The polymerase chain reaction
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(7-1) Patch clamping (The Nobel Committee for
Physiology.)
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(7-2) (a) Beta-barrel structure of green fluorescent
protein; (b) the cover of Science
featuring a C. elegans
worm
((b) Reproduced with permission from Science, 263(5148). Copyright © 1994, American
Association for the Advancement of Science.)
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(7-3) Cecil Hall’s single molecule of DNA stretched between
two polystyrene beads (Method for the
Observation of Macromolecules with the Electron Microscope
Illustrated with Micrographs of DNA. By Cecil E. Hall
(From the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge).)
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(7-4) Image (a) was taken using conventional microscopy;
image (b) is the same area, but now resolved using Betzig’s nanoscope;
and image (c) is a further expansion of the area within the marked
square (Eric Betzig, George H. Patterson, and Rachid Sougrat, Imaging
Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution. Science, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014,
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 7(7)
HTTP://KVA.SE.)
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(7-5) Optical tweezers tracking molecular motors (© Johan
Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.)
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(8-1) Gene cloning strategy using PCR, plasmids, and
restriction enzymes
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