قراءات إضافية
مقدمات ودراسات عامة
An older but still valuable introduction to existentialism is
Irrational Man: A Study in Existential
Philosophy by William Barrett (New York: Anchor Books, 1962, 2nd
edn. 1990). Two helpful collections of writings by leading existentialist
authors are Existentialism: Basic Writings,
ed. Charles Guignon and Derk Pereboom (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1995) and
The Existentialist Reader: An Anthology of Key
Texts, ed. Paul S.
MacDonald (New York: Routledge, 2001). Someone wishing to pursue essays on the
basic concepts of existential and phenomenological thought by a variety of
authors, as well as existential and phenomenological contributions to a number
of topics in current philosophical discussion should consult Hubert L. Dreyfus
and Mark A. Wrathall (eds.), A Companion to
Existentialism and Phenomenology (Oxford: Blackwell,
2006).
Chapter-length essays on existentialism, phenomenology, and most of
the individual philosophers discussed here, along with helpful suggestions for
further reading, are available in the Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, online at http://plato.stanford.edu. Relevant essays on
individual philosophers can be found in The Macmillan
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd edn. (Farmington Hills, MI:
Thomson Gale, 2006); The Routledge History of
Philosophy, especially vol. 7, The
Nineteenth Century, ed. C. L. Ten, and vol. 8, Continental Philosophy in the 20th Century, ed.
Richard Kearney (London: Routledge, 1994); The Edinburgh
Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy, ed. Simon Glendinning
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999); and A
Companion to Continental Philosophy, ed. Simon Critchley and
William Schroeder (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998).
الفصل الأول: الفلسفة كأسلوب حياة
Those interested in this topic might consult Pierre Hadot, What is Ancient Philosophy? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2004), Michel Foucault, Fearless
Speech (Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), 2004), and Alexander
Nehamas, The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from
Plato to Foucault (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1998). Among the many arresting examples of the overlap between existential
philosophy and imaginative literature are Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground (New York: Penguin, 2004)
and Franz Kafka’s The Trial (New York:
Schocken Books, 1998), or its film version by Orson Welles (1963) with Anthony
Perkins (DVD). A concise introduction to the thought of Husserl is Robert
Sokolowski’s Introduction to Phenomenology
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
الفصل الثاني: التحول إلى الفردية
A valuable survey of this topic is Becoming a
Self: A Reading of Kierkegaard’s Concluding Unscientific
Postscript, by Merold Westphal (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue
University Press, 1996). Individualizing choice is a theme of Sartre’s play
The Flies in No
Exit and Three Other Plays (New York: Vintage, 1989). Albert
Camus’s The Outsider (London: Penguin, 1970),
translated in America as The Stranger, is a
classic study of becoming an existentialist individual. Of the many existential
themes not treated here, ‘alienation’ is certainly a major one. To fill this
gap, consider Richard Schmitt’s Alienation and
Freedom (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003). An excellent
biography of Nietzsche is provided by Rüdiger Safranski, Nietzsche: A Philosophical
Biography (New York: Norton, 2002).
الفصل الثالث: الفلسفة الإنسانية: ما لها وما عليها
A helpful historical survey is Tony Davies’s Humanism (London: Routledge, 1997). For an introduction to
atheistic or naturalist humanism, consider Richard Norman’s On Humanism (London: Routledge, 2004). For a
theistic critique, see Henri de Lubac, The Drama of
Atheistic Humanism (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995). Two
relevant classics are Martin Buber’s
I and Thou (New York: Touchstone, 1996) and
Paul Tillich’s The Courage to Be (New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
الفصل الرابع: الصدق
A valuable overview is Jacob Golomb’s In
Search of Authenticity: From Kierkegaard to Camus (London:
Routledge, 1995). The Ethics of Authenticity
by Charles Taylor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991) has rightly
become an influential study of this topic by a non-existentialist. Charles
Guignon’s On Being Authentic (London:
Routledge, 2004) assesses the strengths and weaknesses of this concept in an
accessible manner. Two careful studies of this topic in Sartre’s thought are
Ronald E. Santoni’s Bad Faith, Good Faith, and
Authenticity in Sartre’s Early Philosophy (Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, 1995) and Joseph S. Catalano’s Good
Faith and Other Essays: Perspectives on Sartre’s Ethics (Lanham,
MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996).
الفصل الخامس: فردية مكبوتة؟ الوجودية والفكر الاجتماعي
De Beauvoir’s autobiography, especially Force
of Circumstance, covering 1944–62 (New York: Putnam, 1965), and
All Said and Done, covering 1962–72 (New
York: Putnam, 1974), provides a
first-hand account of those years of the existentialist movement. William
McBride, Sartre’s Political Theory
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991) offers a thorough analysis of
Sartre’s political thought throughout his life. Thomas R. Flynn, Sartre and Marxist Existentialism: The Test Case of Collective
Responsibility (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984)
analyses Sartre’s social ontology. Many of Merleau-Ponty’s political essays are
reprinted in Sense and Non-Sense and in
Signs (Evanston, IL: Northwestern
University Press, 1964, both texts). Daniel Conway argues for the political
significance of Nietzsche’s thought in Nietzsche and the
Political (New York: Routledge, 1996). Similarly, see Tracy B.
Strong, Friedrich Nietzsche and the Politics of
Transfiguration (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press,
2000).
الفصل السادس: الوجودية في القرن الحادي والعشرين
A rich and useful study is Kierkegaard in
Post/Modernity, ed. Martin J. Matuštík and Merold Westphal
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995). The
Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche, ed. Bernd Magnus and Kathleen
Higgins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) contains several relevant
essays. The collection Questioning Ethics: Contemporary
Debates in Continental Philosophy, ed. Richard Kearney and Mark
Dooley (London: Routledge, 1999) brings existentialist concepts and authors into
the recent discussion either explicitly or by implication. Gary Gutting,
Foucault: A Very Short Introduction
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) introduces Sartre into the discussion,
as does Thomas R. Flynn, Sartre, Foucault and Historical Reason, 2 vols
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997 and 2005).
