المصادر والمراجع

Alpert, D. (1956), Performance and paralysis: The organizational context of the American research University, Journal of Higher Education, 56 (3), 76–102.
Association of American Colleges and Universities, (1985), Integrity in the college curriculum, A report to the academic community, Washington, DC: Author.
American Association of University Professors (1940, 1995), AAUP policy documents and reports, Washington, DC: author.
Association of American Colleges (1985), Integrity in the college curriculum: A report to the academic community, Washington, DC: Author.
Austin, A. E., & Baldwin, R. C. (1992), Faculty collaboration: Enhancing the quality of scholarship and teaching, Washington, DC: ASHE/ERIC Higher Education Report.
Baldridge, J. V. (1971), Power and conflict in the University: Research in the sociology of complex organizations, New York, NY: Wiley.
Baldwin, R. G., & Krotseng, M. V. (1985), Incentives in the academy: Issues and options, New Directions for Higher Education, No. 51, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bandura, A. (1977), Social learning theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bee, H. L. (2000), The journey of adulthood (4th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bennett, J. B. (1998), Collegial professionalism: The academy, individualism, and the common good, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx.
Bensimon, E. M., & O’Neill, H. F., Jr. (1998), Collaborative effort to measure faculty work, Liberal Education, 84(4).
Bensimon, E. M., Ward, K., & Sanders, K. (2000), The department chair’s role in developing new faculty into teachers and scholars, Bolton, MA: Anker.
Blau, P. M., & Scott, W. R. (1962), Formal organizations: A comparative approach, San Francisco, CA: Chandler.
Boyer, E. (1990), Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate, Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Braskamp, L. A. (1997), On being responsive and responsible, CHEA Chronicle No. 6, Washington, DC: Council for Higher Education Accreditation.
Braybrooke, D., & Lindblom, C. E. (1963), A strategy of decision, New York, NY: Free Press.
Brookfield, S. D. (1995), Becoming a critically reflective teacher, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Burke, J. C. (1999, July/August), The assessment anomaly: If everyone’s doing it why isn’t more getting done? Assessment Update, II, 4.
Cervero, R. M., & Wilson, A. L. (1994), Planting responsibly for adult education: A guide to negotiating power and interests, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Clark, B. R. (1987), The academic life: Small worlds, different worlds, Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990), Flow: The psychology of optimal experience, New York, NY: Harper-Collins.
Dewey, J. (1933), How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process, Lexington, MA: D. C. Health.
Diamond, R. M. (1993), Changing priorities and the faculty reward system, In R. M. Diamond & B. E. Adam (Eds.), Recognizing faculty work: Reward systems for the year 2000, New Directions for Higher Education, No. 81, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Dill, D. D. (1999), Implementing academic audits: Lessons learned in Europe and Asia, Unpublished manuscript, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.
Dill, D. D., Massy, W. E., Williams, P. R., & Cook, C. M. (1996, September/October), Accreditation and academic quality assurance: Can we get there from here? Change, 28 (5), 17–24.
Eisner, E. W. (1991), The enlightened eye: Qualitative inquiry and the enhancement of educational practice, New York, NY: Macmillan.
Ewell, P. (2002), Evidence guide: A guide to using evidence in the accreditation process, Alameda, CA: Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
Fairweather, J. (1996), Faculty work and the public trust: Restoring the value of teaching and public service in American academic life, Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Ferren, A. S., & Slavings, R. (2000), Investing in quality: Tools for improving curricular efficiency, Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities.
Froh, R. C., Menges, R. J., & Walker, C. J. (1993), Revitalizing faculty work through intrinsic rewards, In R. M. Diamond & B. E. Adam (Eds.), Recognizing faculty work: Reward systems for the year 2000 (pp. 87–95), New Directions for Higher Education, No. 81, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Gaff, J. G. Pruit-Logan, A. S., Weibl, R. A., & Associates (2000), Building the faculty we need: Colleges and universities working together, Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities.
Garvin, D. A. (1988), Managing quality: The strategic and competitive edge, New York: NY: Free Press.
Gelmon, S. B. (1997), International improvement: The deliberate linage of assessment and accreditation. Presentation to the 1997. AAHE Conference on Assessment and Quality. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.
Gmelch, W. H. (1995), Department chairs under siege: Resolving the web of conflict, In S. Holton (Ed.), Conflict management in higher education, New Directions for Higher Education, No. 92, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989), Fourth generation evaluation, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Haworth, J. G., & Conrad, C. F. (1997), Emblems of quality in higher education: Developing and sustaining high-quality programs, Needham heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Hecht, I., Higgerson, M. L., Gmelch, W. H., & Tucker, A. (1999), The department chair as academic leader, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx.
Holton, S. (Ed.), (1998), Mending the cracks in the ivory tower: Strategies for conflict management in higher educations, Bolton, MA: Anker.
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation, James R. Sanders, Chair, (1994), The program evaluation standards: How to assess evaluations of educational programs, Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
Katzenbach, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (1993, March/April), The discipline of teams, Harvard Business Review, 111–120.
Kerr, S. (1975), On the folly of rewarding A, while hoping forB, Academy of Management Journal, 18, 769–783.
Knight Higher Education Collaborative (1991, September), An end to sanctuary, Policy Perspectives, 3(4).
Knight Higher Education Collaborative (1996, February), Double agent, Policy Perspectives, 6(3).
Knight Higher Education Collaborative (2000, March), The data made me do it, Policy Perspectives, 9(2).
Kohn, A. (1993), Punished by rewards: The trouble with gold stars, incentive plans, A’s, praise, and other bribes, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Langenburg, D. N. (1992, September 2), Team scholarship could help strengthen scholarly traditions, The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A64.
Lucas, A. F. (1994), Strengthening departmental leadership: A teambuilding guide for chairs in colleges and universities, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Lucas, A. F., & Associates (2000), Leading academic change: Essential roles for department chairs, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Massy, W. F. (2001, July/August), Making quality work, University Business, 4, 44–50.
Massy, W. F., Wilger, A. K., & Colbeck, C. (1994, July/August), Overcoming “Hollowed” collegiality, Change, 26(4), 10–20.
McKeachie, W. J. (1993), What we Know about faculty motivation, Presentation to first AAHE Forum on Faculty Roles and Rewards, San Antonio, TX (audiotape).
McMillan, J. H., Wergin, J. F., Forsyth, D. R., & Brown, J. C. (1986), Student ratings of instructions: A summary of literature, Instructional Evaluation, 9(1), 2–9.
McMillan, L. A., & Berberet. J. (Eds.), (2002), A new academic compact: Revisioning the relationship between faculty and their institutions, Bolton, MA: Anker.
Menges B., & Associates (1999), Faculty in new jobs: A guide to settling in, becoming established, and building institutional support, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Messick, S. (1994), Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons’ responses and performances and scientific inquiry into score meaning, Research Report RR–94–45. ERIC Identifier: ED380496.
Mezirow, J. (1990), How critical reflection triggers transformative learning, In J. Mezirow & Associates (Eds.), Fostering critical reflection in adulthood: A guide to transformative and emancipatory learning, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
National Center for Postsecondary Improvement (1999, September/October), Revolution or evolution? Gauging the impact of institutional student-assessment strategies, Change, 53–56.
National Center for Postsecondary Improvement (2000, March/April), Why is research the rule? The impact of incentive systems on faculty behavior, Change, 53–56.
National Research Council (2000), How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school (expanded edition), Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Palmer, P. J. (1998), The courage to teach: Exploring the inner landscape of a teacher’s life, San Francisco, CA: Jossy-Bass.
Palomba, C. A., & Banta, T. W. (1999), Assessment essentials: Planning implementing, and improving assessment in higher education, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Patton, M. Q. (1990), Qualitative evaluation and research methods, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Patton, M. Q. (1997), Utilization-Focused evaluation: The new century text, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Peterson, M. W., & Einarson, M. K. (2001), What are colleges doing about student assessment? Does it make a difference? Journal of Higher Education, 72, 629–669.
Pirsig, R. M. (1974), Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance: An inquiry into values, New York, NY: Bantam.
Polyani, M. (1967), The tacit dimension, New York, NY: Doubleday.
PresKill, H., & Torres, R. T. (1998), Evaluative inquiry for learning in organizations, Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pruett, E. S. (2001), Restructuring faculty workload: A qualitative study of the effects of faculty role differentiation on senior faculty members perception of the quality of their work lives, Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University.
Rice, R. E. (1996), Making a place for the new American scholar, New Pathways: Faculty career and employment for the 21^st Century, Working Paper Series, Inquiry No. 1, Washington, DC: AAHE.
Schuster, J. H., Wheeler, D. W., & Associates, (1990), Enhancing faculty careers: Strategies for development and renewal, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Seagrenm A. T., Creswell, J. W., & Wheeler, D. W. (1995), The department chair: New roles, responsibilities, and challenges, ASHE–ERIC Higher Education Report, No. 1, Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development (ED 363 164).
Senge, P. M. (2000), The academy as learning community: Contradiction in terms or realizable future? In A. F. Lucas & Associates (Eds.), Leading academic change: Essential roles for department chairs (pp. 275–300), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Seymour, D. T. (1993), On Q: Causing quality in higher education, Phoenix, AZ.: Oryx.
Shulman, L. S. (1993), Teaching as community property: Putting and end to pedagogical solitude, Change, 25(6), 6-7.
Shulman, L. S. (1995, January), Teaching as community property, Address to AAHE Forum on Faculty Roles and Rewards, San Diego, CA.
Smith, V. B. (1998), The futures project: A two-year activity of 18 independent colleges and universities in California, Final report to James Irvine Foundation.
Staw, B. M. (1983), Motivation research versus the art of faculty management, In J. L. Bess (Ed.), College and university organization: insigts from the behavioral sciences, New York: NYU Press.
Tierney, W. G. (1999), Building the responsive campus: Creating high performance colleges and universities, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tompkins, J. P. (1992, November/December), The way we live now, Change, 24, 12–19.
Trower, C., Austin, A., & Sorcinelli, M. (2001, May), Paradise lost: How the academy converts enthusiastic recruits into early-career doubters, AAHE Bulletin, 53(9), 3–6.
Tucker, A. (1993), Chairing the academic department (3^rd ed.), Washington, DC: American Council on Education Oryx.
United States Office of Scientific Research and Development (1945), Science, the endless frontier: A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Washington, DC: Author.
University of California at Los Angeles Higher Education Research Institute (1997), The American College teacher: National Norms for the 1995-96 HERI faculty survey, Los Angeles, CA: Author.
Walvoord, B. E., Carey, A. K., Smith, H. L., Soled, S. W., Way, P. K., & Zorn, D. (2000), Academic departments: How they work, how they change, ASHE–ERIC Higher Education Report, 27 (8), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Wergin, J. F. (1976), Evaluation of organizational policymaking: A political model, Review of Educational Research, 46(1), 75–115.
Wergin, J. F. (1994), The collaborative department: How five campuses are inching toward cultures of collective responsibility, Washington, DC: AAHE.
Wergin, J. F. (1998), Assessment of programs and units, Presentation at the 1998 AAHE Assessment Conference, Reprinted in Architecture for change: Information as foundation, Washington, DC: AAHE.
Wergin, J. F., & Swingen, J. N. (2000), Departmental assessment: How some colleges are effectively evaluating the collective work of faculty, Washington, DC: AAHE.
Zemsky, R., & Massy, W. F. (1993, May/June), On reversing the ratchet: Restructuring in colleges and universities, Change, 25, 56–62.