ملاحظات

مقدمة

(1)
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., … Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLOS One, 8(8), e69841.
(2)
Faasse, K., Martin, L. R., Grey, A., Gamble, G., & Petrie, K. J. (2016). Impact of brand or generic labeling on medication effectiveness and side effects. Health Psychology, 35(2), 187–190.
(3)
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences faceto-face conversation quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 237–246.
(4)
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421.
(5)
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 261–270.

الجزء الأول: اكتشاف الطريقة الإيجابية في التفكير

الفصل الأول: لطريقة التفكير أهميتها

(1)
Plassmann, H., O’Doherty, J., Shiv, B., & Rangel, A. (2008). Marketing actions can modulate neural representations of experienced pleasantness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(3), 1050–1054.
(2)
Estill, A., Mock, S. E., Schryer, E., & Eibach, R. P. (2018). The effects of subjective age and aging attitudes on mid- to late-life sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 55(2), 146–151.
(3)
Damisch, L., Stoberock, B., & Mussweiler, T. (2010). Keep your fingers crossed!: How superstition improves performance. Psychological Science, 21(7), 1014–1020.
(4)
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811.
(5)
Steele, C. M. (2010). Issues of our time. Whistling Vivaldi: How stereotypes affect us and what we can do. New York: W. W. Norton.
(6)
Sherman, A. M., & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2014). “Boys can be anything”: Effect of Barbie play on girls’ career cognitions. Sex Roles, 70, 195–208.
(7)
Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Davies, P. G., & Steele, C. M. (2009). Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1045– 1060.
(8)
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230–244.
(9)
Dweck, C. S. (2008) Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine Books.
(10)
Krakovsky, M. (2007, March/April). The effort effect. Stanford Magazine. Retrieved from https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=32124.
(11)
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78, 246–263.
(12)
Schleider, J., & Weisz, J. (2018). A single‐session growth mindset intervention for adolescent anxiety and depression: 9‐month outcomes of a randomized trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 160–170.
(13)
Schroder, H. S., Dawood, S., Yalch, M. M., Donnellan, M. B., & Moser, J. S. (2016). Evaluating the domain specificity of mental health–related mind-sets. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(6), 508–520.
(14)
Weiss, D. (2016). On the inevitability of aging: Essentialist beliefs moderate the impact of negative age stereotypes on older adults’ memory performance and physiological reactivity. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbw08.
(15)
Schumann, K., Zaki, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2014). Addressing the empathy deficit: Beliefs about the malleability of empathy predict effortful responses when empathy is challenging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 475–493.
(16)
Franiuk, R., Cohen, D., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2002). Implicit theories of relationships: Implications for relationship satisfaction and longevity. Personal Relationships, 9, 345–367; Knee, C. R. (1998). Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 360–370.
(17)
Maxwell, J. A., Muise, A., MacDonald, G., Day, L. C., Rosen, N. O., & Impett, E. A. (2017). How implicit theories of sexuality shape sexual and relationship well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(2), 238–279.
(18)
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure selfcompassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.
(19)
Gunnell, K. E., Mosewich, A. D., McEwen, C. E., Eklund, R. C., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2017). Don’t be so hard on yourself! Changes in selfcompassion during the first year of university are associated with changes in well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 107, 43–48.
(20)
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure selfcompassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.
(21)
Dougherty, K. (2015). Reframing test day. Teaching/Learning Matters, 11–12.
(22)
Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). The experience of regret: What, when, and why. Psychological Review, 102(2), 379–395.
(23)
Brown, H. J., Jr. (1999). P.S. I love you (p. 13). Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill.
(24)
Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., Romero, C. L., Smith, E. N., Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2015). Mindset interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26(6), 784–93; Yeager, D. S., Johnson, R., Spitzer, B. J., Trzesniewski, K. H., Powers, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2014). The far-reaching effects of believing people can change: Implicit theories of personality shape stress, health, and achievement during adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(6), 867–884.
(25)
Schumann, K., Zaki, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2014). Addressing the empathy deficit: Beliefs about the malleability of empathy predict effortful responses when empathy is challenging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 475–493.

الفصل الثاني: لماذا لا يُصاب الحمار الوحشي بقرحة المعدة: تأثير طريقة التفكير على الصحة

(1)
Sapolsky, R. M. (1998). Why zebras don’t get ulcers: An updated guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping. New York: W. H. Freeman.
(2)
Faasse, K., Martin, L. R., Grey, A., Gamble, G., & Petrie, K. J. (2016). Impact of brand or generic labeling on medication effectiveness and side effects. Health Psychology, 35(2), 187–190.
(3)
Waber, R. L., Shiv, B., Carmon, Z., & Ariely, D. (2008). Commercial features of placebo and therapeutic efficacy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299(9), 1016–1017.
(4)
Espay, A. J., Norris, M. M., Eliassen, J. C., Dwivedi, A., Smith, M. S., Banks, C., … Szaflarski, J. P. (2015). Placebo effect of medication cost in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized double-blind study. Neurology, 84(8), 794–802.
(5)
Moseley, J. B., O’Malley, K., Petersen, N. J., Menke, T. J., Brody, B. A., Kuykendall, D. H., … Wray, N. P. (2002). A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 81–88.
(6)
Buchbinder, R., Osborne, R. H., Ebeling, P. R., Wark, J. D., Mitchell, P., Wriedt, C., … Murphy, B. (2009). A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361, 557–568; Kallmes, D. F., Comstock, B. A., Heagerty, P. J., Turner, J. A., Wilson, D. J., Diamond, T. H., … Jarvik, J. G. (2009). A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for osteoporotic spinal fractures. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(6), 569–579; Goetz, C. G., Wuu, J., McDermott, M. P., Adler, C. H., Fahn, S., Freed, C. R., … Leurgans, S. (2008). Placebo response in Parkinson’s disease: Comparisons among 11 trials covering medical and surgical interventions. Movement Disorders, 23, 690–699.
(7)
Wager, T. D., Rilling, J. K., Smith, E. E., Sokolik, A., Casey, K. L., Davidson, R. J., … Cohen, J. D. (2004). Placebo-induced changes in fMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1162–1167.
(8)
Tinnermann, A., Geuter, S., Sprenger, C., Finsterbusch, J., & Büchel, C. (2017). Interactions between brain and spinal cord mediate value effects in nocebo hyperalgesia. Science, 358(6359), 105–108.
(9)
Crum, A. J., Corbin, W. R., Brownell, K. D., & Salovey, P. (2011). Mind over milkshakes: Mindsets, not just nutrients, determine ghrelin response. Health Psychology, 30(4), 424–429.
(10)
Crum, A. J., & Langer, E. J. (2007). Mind-set matters: Exercise and the placebo effect. Psychological Science, 18(2), 165–171.
(11)
Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D., & Witt, W. P. (2012). Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality. Health Psychology, 31(5), 677–684.
(12)
Nabi, H., Kivimäki, M., Batty, G. D., Shipley, M. J., Britton, A., Brunner, E. J., … Singh-Manoux, A. (2013). Increased risk of coronary heart disease among individuals reporting adverse impact of stress on their health: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study. European Heart Journal, 34, 2697–2705.
(13)
Scheier, M. E., & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169–210; Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 201–228.
(14)
De Moor, J. S., De Moor, C. A., Basen-Engquist, K., Kudelka, A., Bevers, M. W., & Cohen, L. (2006). Optimism, distress, health-related quality of life, and change in cancer antigen 125 among patients with ovarian cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(4), 555–562.
(15)
Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Optimism is associated with mood, coping, and immune change in response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1646–1655; Taylor, S. E., Burklund, L. J., Eisenberger, N. I., Lehman, B. J., Hilmert, C. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008). Neural bases of moderation of cortisol stress responses by psychosocial resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 197–211; Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333.
(16)
Cohen, S., Alper, C. M., Doyle, W. J., Treanor, J. J., & Turner, R. B. (2006). Positive emotional style predicts resistance to illness after experimental exposure to rhinovirus or influenza A virus. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(6), 809–815.
(17)
Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of personality and social Psychology, 104(4), 716-733.
(18)
Ewart, C. K., Harris, W. L., Iwata, M. M., Coates, T. J., Bullock, R., & Simon, B. (1987). Feasibility and effectiveness of school-based relaxation in lowering blood pressure. Health Psychology, 6(5), 399–416.
(19)
Seppälä, E. M., Nitschke, J. B., Tudorascu, D. L., Hayes, A., Goldstein, M. R., Nguyen, D. T. H., … Davidson, R. J. (2014). Breathing-based meditation decreases posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in U.S. military veterans: A randomized controlled longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 397–405.
(20)
Blumenthal, J. A., Sherwood, A., Smith, P. J., Watkins, L., Mabe, S., Kraus, W. E., … Hinderliter, A. (2016). Enhancing cardiac rehabilitation with stress management training: A randomized clinical efficacy trial. Circulation, 133(14), 1341–1350; Stagl, J. M., Bouchard, L. C., Lechner, S. C., Blomberg, B. B., Gudenkauf, L. M., Jutagir, D. R., … Antoni, M. H. (2015). Long‐term psychological benefits of cognitive‐behavioral stress management for women with breast cancer: 11‐year follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 121(11), 1873–1881.
(21)
Hemenover, S. H. (2001). Self-reported processing bias and naturally occurring mood: Mediators between personality and stress appraisals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(4), 387–394.
(22)
Troy, A. S., Wilhelm, F. H., Shallcross, A. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2010). Seeing the silver lining: Cognitive reappraisal ability moderates the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms. Emotion, 10(6), 783–795.
(23)
Jamieson, J. P., Peters, B. J., Greenwood, E. J., & Altose, A. (2016). Reappraising stress arousal improves performance and reduces evaluation anxiety in classroom exam situations. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(6), 579–587.
(24)
Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 716–733.
(25)
Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107–118.
(26)
Breines, J. G., Thoma, M. V., Gianferante, D., Hanlin, L., Chen, X., & Rohleder, N. (2014). Self-compassion as a predictor of interleukin-6 response to acute psychosocial stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 37, 109–114.

الفصل الثالث: كبارُ السن حكماء وليسوا ضُعَفاء الذاكرة: طريقةُ التفكير تؤثِّر على الذاكرة

(1)
Kennedy, P. (2017, April 7). To be a genius, think like a 94-year-old. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/opinion/sunday/to-be-a-genius-think-like-a-94-year-old.html
(2)
Hartshorne, J. K., & Germine, L. T. (2015). When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Psychological Science, 26(4), 433–443.
(3)
Li, Y., Baldassi, M., Johnson, E. J., & Weber, E. U. (2013). Complementary cognitive capabilities, economic decision-making, and aging. Psychology and Aging, 28(3), 595–613.
(4)
Hess, T. M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. J., & Rahhal, T. A. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(1), P3–P11.
(5)
Rahhal, T. A., Hasher, L., & Colcombe, S. J. (2001). Instructional manipulations and age differences in memory: Now you see them, now you don’t. Psychology and Aging, 16(4), 697–706.
(6)
Haslam, C., Morton, T. A., Haslam, S. A., Varnes, L., Graham, R., & Gamaz, L. (2012). “When the age is in, the wit is out”: Age-related selfcategorization and deficit expectations reduce performance on clinical tests used in dementia assessment. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 778–784.
(7)
Wu, S. (2013, July 1). Aging stereotypes can hurt older adults’ memory. USC News. Retrieved from https://news.usc.edu/52707/aging-stereotypescan-hurt-older-adults-memory/
(8)
Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit selfstereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1092–1107.
(9)
Hughes, M. L., Geraci, L., & De Forrest, R. L. (2013). Aging 5 years in 5 minutes: The effect of taking a memory test on older adults’ subjective age. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2481–2488.
(10)
Levy, B. R., Zonderman, A. B., Slade, M. D., & Ferrucci, L. (2012). Memory shaped by age stereotypes over time. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(4), 432–436.
(11)
Levy, B., & Langer, E. (1994). Aging free from negative stereotypes: Successful memory in China among the American deaf. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6), 989–997.
(12)
Goodwin, J. (2010, April 5). With age comes wisdom: Study. HealingWell.com. Retrieved from http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=637723
(13)
Burzynska, A. Z., Jiao, Y., Knecht, A. M., Fanning, J., Awick, E. A., Chen, T., … Kramer, A. F. (2017). White matter integrity declined over 6-months, but dance intervention improved integrity of the fornix of older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 59.
(14)
Park, D. C., Lodi-Smith, J., Drew, L., Haber, S., Hebrank, A., Bischof, G. N., & Aamodt, W. (2014). The impact of sustained engagement on cognitive function in older adults: The Synapse Project. Psychological Science, 25(1), 103–112.
(15)
Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2013). Stereotype threat can enhance, as well as impair, older adults’ memory. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2522–2529.
(16)
Robertson, D. A., & Weiss, D. (2017). In the eye of the beholder: Can counter-stereotypes change perceptions of older adults’ social status? Psychology and Aging, 32(6), 531–542.
(17)
Whitbourne, S. K. (2012, January 28). 15 wise and inspiring quotes about aging. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201201/15-wise-and-inspiring-quotes-aboutaging

الفصل الرابع: أسرارُ المعمَّرين: لطريقة التفكير تأثيرٌ على متوسط العمر

(1)
Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
(2)
Hill, P. L., & Turiano, N. A. (2014). Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood. Psychological Science, 25(7), 1482–1486.
(3)
Buettner, D. (2012, October 24). The island where people forget to die. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/magazine/the-island-where-people-forget-to-die.html
(4)
Cavallini, E., Bottiroli, S., Fastame, M. C., & Hertzog, C. (2013). Age and subcultural differences on personal and general beliefs about memory. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(1), 71–81.
(5)
Buettner, D. (2008). Blue zones (p. 180). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.
(6)
Levy, B. R., Zonderman, A. B., Slade, M. D., & Ferrucci, L. (2009). Age stereotypes held earlier in life predict cardiovascular events in later life. Psychological Science, 20(3), 296–298.
(7)
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Murphy, T. E., & Gill, T. M. (2012). Association between positive age stereotypes and recovery from disability in older persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(19), 1972–1973; Segel-Karpas, D., Palgi, Y., & Shrira, A. (2017). The reciprocal relationship between depression and physical morbidity: The role of subjective age. Health Psychology, 36(9), 848–851.
(8)
Bellingtier, J. A., & Neupert, S. D. (2016). Negative aging attitudes predict greater reactivity to daily stressors in older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbw086.
(9)
Levy, B. R., & Bavishi, A. (2016). Survival advantage mechanism: Inflammation as a mediator of positive self-perceptions of aging on longevity. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbw035.
(10)
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 261–270.
(11)
Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2016). Feeling older and risk of hospitalization: Evidence from three longitudinal cohorts. Health Psychology, 35(6), 634–637.
(12)
Zahrt, O. H., & Crum, A. J. (2017). Perceived physical activity and mortality: Evidence from three nationally representative U.S. samples. Health Psychology, 36(11), 1017–1025.
(13)
Frey, B. S. (2011). Happy people live longer. Science, 4, Feb, 542–543; Kim, E. S., Hagan, K. A., Grodstein, F., DeMeo, D. L., De Vivo, I., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2017). Optimism and cause-specific mortality: A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 185(1), 21–29; Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, C. E., Zonderman, A. B., Ferrucci, L., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2008). Personality predictors of longevity: Activity, emotional stability, and conscientiousness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(6), 621–627.
(14)
Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 804–813; Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2012). Positive emotion word use and longevity in famous deceased psychologists. Health Psychology, 31(3), 297–305.
(15)
Giltay, E. J., Geleijnse, J. M., Zitman, F. G., Hoekstra, T., & Schouten, E. G. (2004). Dispositional optimism and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a prospective cohort of elderly Dutch men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(11), 1126–1135.
(16)
Maruta, T., Colligan, R. C., Malinchoc, M., & Offord, K. P. (2000). Optimists vs. pessimists: Survival rate among medical patients over a 30-year period. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 75(2), 140–143.
(17)
Reece, T. (2015, December 24). 10 habits of people who’ve lived to be 100. Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.prevention.com/life/a20492770/zredirected-10-habits-of-people-whove-lived-to-be-100/
(18)
Novotny, P., Colligan, R. C., Szydlo, D. W., Clark, M. M., Rausch, S., Wampfler, J., … Yang, P. (2010). A pessimistic explanatory style is prognostic for poor lung cancer survival. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 5(3), 326–332.
(19)
Abel, E. L., & Kruger, M. L. (2010). Smile intensity in photographs predicts longevity. Psychological Science, 21(4), 542–544.
(20)
Kraft, T. L., & Pressman, S. D. (2012). Grin and bear it: The influence of manipulated facial expression on the stress response. Psychological Science, 23(11), 1372–1378.
(21)
Goldstein, E. (2009, September 21). Living without joy? Thich Nhat Hanh shares a secret. PsychCentral (blog). Retrieved from https://blogs.psychcentral.com/mindfulness/2009/09/living-without-joy-thich-nhathanh-shares-a-secret/
(22)
Sarkisian, C. A., Prohaska, T. R., Davis, C., & Weiner, B. (2007). Pilot test of an attribution retraining intervention to raise walking levels in sedentary older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 1842–1846.
(23)
Jakubiak, B. K., & Feeney, B. C. (2016). Daily goal progress is facilitated by spousal support and promotes psychological, physical, and relational well-being throughout adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 317–340.
(24)
Sagi-Schwartz, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Linn, S., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2013). Against all odds: Genocidal trauma is associated with longer life-expectancy of the survivors. PLOS One 8(7): e69179.

الجزء الثاني: فهْمُ طريقة التفكير

الفصل الخامس: أنماط الشخصية لها أهميتها

(1)
Freud, S. (2013). The interpretation of dreams (A. A. Brill, Trans.). New York: Macmillan. (Original work published 1899)
(2)
Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., … Clark, K. C. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 375–390; Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 730–749; Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333.
(3)
Vieselmeyer, J., Holguin, J., & Mezulis, A. (2017). The role of resilience and gratitude in posttraumatic stress and growth following a campus shooting. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1), 62–69.
(4)
Jackson, L. (n.d.). Your health and emotions. Mountain Express Magazine. http://mountainexpressmagazine.com/your-health-and-emotions/
(5)
Scheier, M. F., Matthews, K. A., Owens, J. F., Magovern, G. J., Lefebvre, R. C., Abbott, R. A., & Carver, C. S. (1989). Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1024–1040.
(6)
Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom: The autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown.
(7)
Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 102–111.
(8)
Chan, C. S., Lowe, S. R., Weber, E., & Rhodes, J. E. (2015). The contribution of pre- and postdisaster social support to short and long term mental health after Hurricanes Katrina: A longitudinal study of low-income survivors. Social Science & Medicine, 138, 38–43; McDonough, M. H., Sabiston, C. M., & Wrosch, C. (2014). Predicting changes in posttraumatic growth and subjective well‐being among breast cancer survivors: The role of social support and stress. Psycho‐Oncology, 23(1), 114–120; Paul, L. A., Felton, J. W., Adams, Z. W., Welsh, K., Miller, S., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2015). Mental health among adolescents exposed to a tornado: The influence of social support and its interactions with sociodemographic characteristics and disaster exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(3), 232–239.
(9)
Murray, S. L., Rose, P., Bellavia, G. M., Holmes, J. G., & Kusche, A. G. (2002). When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 556–573.
(10)
Pausch, R., & Zaslow, J. (2008). The last lecture. New York: Hyperion.
(11)
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115–121.
(12)
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(1), 92–104.
(13)
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569–582.
(14)
Dupont, A., Bower, J. E., Stanton, A. L., & Ganz, P. A. (2014). Cancerrelated intrusive thoughts predict behavioral symptoms following breast cancer treatment. Health Psychology, 33(2), 155–163.
(15)
Joormann, J. (2011, June 2). Depression and negative thoughts. Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/depression-and-negative-thoughts.html
(16)
Archontaki, D., Lewis, G. J., & Bates, T. C. (2013). Genetic influences on psychological well-being: A nationally representative twin study. Journal of Personality, 81, 221–230.
(17)
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., … Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 18 Jul, 386–389.
(18)
Brooks, A. C. (2015, July 25). We need optimists. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/opinion/sunday/arthur-cbrooks-we-need-optimists.html
(19)
Fritz, H. L., Russek, L. N., & Dillon, M. M. (2017). Humor use moderates the relation of stressful life events with psychological distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 845–859.
(20)
Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000157.
(21)
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45.
(22)
Anwar, Y. (2017, August 10). Feeling bad about feeling bad can make you feel worse. Berkeley News. Retrieved from http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/08/10/emotionalacceptance/
(23)
Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. The BMJ, 337, a2338.
(24)
Coviello, L., Sohn, Y., Kramer, A. D. I., Marlow, C., Franceschetti, M., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. PLOS One 9(3): e90315.

الفصل السادس: «المقارنة سارقة البهجة»: للبيئة أهمية

(1)
Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., & Saez, E (2012). Inequality at work: The effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction. American Economic Review, 102(6), 2981–3003.
(2)
Dachis, A. (2013, May 10). Comparison is the thief of joy. Lifehacker (blog). Retrieved from https://lifehacker.com/comparison-is-the-thief-ofjoy-499152017
(3)
Solnick, S. J., & Hemenway, D. (1998). Is more always better?: A survey on positional concerns. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 37(3), 373–383.
(4)
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Howell, C. J. (2014). Living in wealthy neighborhoods increases material desires and maladaptive consumption. Journal of Consumer Culture, 16(1), 297–316.
(5)
Tay, L., Morrison, M., & Diener, E. (2014). Living among the affluent: Boon or bane? Psychological Science, 25, 1235–1241.
(6)
Stephens-Davidowitz, S. (2017, May 6). Don’t let Facebook make you miserable. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/06/opinion/sunday/dont-let-facebook-make-youmiserable.html
(7)
Chekhov, A. (1979). Gooseberries. In R. E. Matlaw (ed.). Anton Chekhov’s short stories (pp. 185–193). New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1898)
(8)
Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., Dweck, C. S., Lovett, B. J., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Misery has more company than people think: Underestimating the prevalence of others’ negative emotions. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(1), 120–135.
(9)
Haushofer, J. (2016). CV of failures. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~joha/Johannes_Haushofer_CV_of_Failures.pdf
(10)
Lamott, A. (2017, June 9). 12 truths I learned from life and writing [Transcript of video file]. TED Talks. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/anne_lamott_12_truths_i_learned_from_life_and_writing/transcript?language=en
(11)
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017–1031.
(12)
Huang, C. (2010). Internet use and psychological well-being: A metaanalysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 241–249.
(13)
Song, H., Zmyslinski-Seelig, A., Kim, J., Drent, A., Victor, A., Omori, K., & Allen, M. (2014). Does Facebook make you lonely?: A meta analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 446–452.
(14)
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., … Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLOS One, 8(8), e69841.
(15)
Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2017). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–17.
(16)
Shakya, H. B., & Christakis, N. A. (2017). Association of Facebook use with compromised well-being: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 185(3), 203–211.
(17)
Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178–1197.
(18)
Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129–142.
(19)
Borgonovi, F. (2008). Doing well by doing good. The relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness. Social Science & Medicine, 66(11), 2321–2334.
(20)
Epictetus (1865). The Works of Epictetus. Consisting of His Discourses, in Four Books, The Enchiridion, and Fragments (T. W. Higginson, Ed., & E. Carter, Trans.). Boston: Little, Brown.
(21)
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389.
(22)
Otto, A. K., Szczesny, E. C., Soriano, E. C., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Siegel, S. D. (2016). Effects of a randomized gratitude intervention on death-related fear of recurrence in breast cancer survivors. Health Psychology, 35(12), 1320–1328.
(23)
Krieger, L. S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2015). What makes lawyers happy?: A data-driven prescription to redefine professional success. George Washington Law Review, 83(2), 554–627.

الفصل السابع: تَقبل المحن: للصدمات أهمية

(1)
Rigoglioso, M. (2014, February 5). BJ Miller ’93: Wounded healer. Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved from https://paw.princeton.edu/article/bj-miller-%E2%80%9993-wounded-healer
(2)
Galanes, P. (2017, May 13). Sheryl Sandberg and Elizabeth Alexander on love, loss and what comes next. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/fashion/sheryl-sandberg-and-elizabethalexander-on-love-loss-and-what-comes-next.html
(3)
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K. N., & Danhauer, S. C. (2010). A short form of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 23(2), 127–137.
(4)
Carver, C. S., & Antoni, M. H. (2004). Finding benefit in breast cancer during the year after diagnosis predicts better adjustment 5 to 8 years after diagnosis. Health Psychology, 23(6), 595–598; Rinaldis, M., Pakenham, K. I., & Lynch, B. M. (2010). Relationships between quality of life and finding benefits in a diagnosis of colorectal cancer. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 259–275; Wang, A. W.-T., Chang, C.-S., Chen, S.-T., Chen, D.-R., Fan, F., Carver, C. S., & Hsu, W.-Y. (2017). Buffering and direct effect of posttraumatic growth in predicting distress following cancer. Health Psychology, 36(6), 549–559.
(5)
Rassart, J., Luyckx, K., Berg, C. A., Oris, L., & Wiebe, D. J. (2017). Longitudinal trajectories of benefit finding in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Health Psychology, 36(10), 977–986.
(6)
Lieber, R. (2017, March 19). Basing life on what you can afford. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/19/yourmoney/budget-what-you-can-afford.html
(7)
Levitt, S. (2014, February 24). The science of post-traumatic growth. Live Happy. Retrieved from https://www.livehappy.com/science/positivepsychology/science-post-traumatic-growth
(8)
Croft, A., Dunn, E.W., & Quoidbach, J. (2014). From tribulations to appreciation: Experiencing adversity in the past predicts greater savoring in the present. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 511–516.
(9)
Carstensen, L. L., Turan, B., Scheibe, S., Ram, N., Ersner-Hershfield, H., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., … Nesselroade, J. R. (2011). Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 21–33.
(10)
Thomas, M. L., Kaufmann, C. N., Palmer, B. W., Depp, C. A., Martin, A. S., Glorioso, D. K., … Jeste, D. V. (2016). Paradoxical trend for improvement in mental health with aging: A community-based study of 1,546 adults aged 21–100 years. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(8), e1019– e1025.
(11)
LaFee, S. (2016, August 24). Graying but grinning: Despite physical ailments, older adults happier. UC San Diego News Center. Retrieved from https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/graying_but_grinning_despite_ physical_ailments_older_adults_happier
(12)
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 496–502.
(13)
Williams, L. M., Brown, K. J., Palmer, D., Liddell, B. J., Kemp, A. H., Olivieri, G., … Gordon, E. (2006). The mellow years?: Neural basis of improving emotional stability over age. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(24), 6422–6430.
(14)
Addis, D. R., Leclerc, C. M., Muscatell, K. A., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010). There are age-related changes in neural connectivity during the encoding of positive, but not negative, information. Cortex, 46(4), 425–433.
(15)
Mallozzi, V. M. (2017, August 11). She’s 98. He’s 94. They met at the gym. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/11/fashion/weddings/senior-citizen-older-couple-wedding.html
(16)
Hoerger, M., Chapman, B. P., Prigerson, H. G., Fagerlin, A., Mohile, S. G., Epstein, R. M., … Duberstein, P. R. (2014). Personality change pre-to post-loss in spousal caregivers of patients with terminal lung cancer. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(6), 722–729.
(17)
Lim, D., & DeSteno, D. (2016). Suffering and compassion: The links among adverse life experiences, empathy, compassion, and prosocial behavior. Emotion, 16(2), 175–182.
(18)
Hayhurst, J., Hunter, J. A., Kafka, S., & Boyes, M. (2015). Enhancing resilience in youth through a 10-day developmental voyage. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 40–52.
(19)
Seery, M. D., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2010). Whatever does not kill us: Cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(6), 1025–1041.
(20)
Wade, J. B., Hart, R. P., Wade, J. H., Bekenstein, J., Ham, C., & Bajaj, J. S. (2016). Does the death of a spouse increase subjective well-being: An assessment in a population of adults with neurological illness. Healthy Aging Research, 5(1), 1–9.
(21)
Carey, B. (2011, January 3). On road to recovery, past adversity provides a map. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/health/04mind.html
(22)
Talbot, M. (2013, October 21). Gone girl. New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/10/21/gone-girl-2
(23)
Rilke, R. M. (2005). Rilke’s book of hours: Love poems to God (A. Barrows & J. Macy, Eds.). New York: Riverhead Books.
(24)
Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7(3), 181–184.
(25)
Sheryl Sandberg’s 2016 commencement address at University of California, Berkeley. (2016, May 14). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-sheryl-sandbergcommencement-address-transcript-20160514-story.html
(26)
Sikkema, K. J., Hansen, N. B., Ghebremichael, M., Kochman, A., Tarakeshwar, N., Meade, C. S., & Zhang, H. (2006). A randomized controlled trial of a coping group intervention for adults with HIV who are AIDS bereaved: Longitudinal effects on grief. Health Psychology, 25(5), 563–570.
(27)
Mancini, A. D., Littleton, H. L., & Grills, A. E. (2016). Can people benefit from acute stress? Social support, psychological improvement, and resilience after the Virginia Tech campus shootings. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(3), 401–417.
(28)
Becker, H. A. (n.d.). This grieving mom donated 92 gallons of breastmilk in her stillborn’s honor. Parents. Retrieved from https://www.parents.com/baby/all-about-babies/this-grieving-mom-donated-92-gallons-ofbreastmilk-in-her-stillborns-honor/
(29)
Egan, N. W. (2018, April 19). How the Krims found love and healing after their children were murdered. People. Retrieved from https://people.com/crime/how-the-krims-found-love-and-healing-after-their-children-weremurdered/

الجزء الثالث: تغيير طريقة التفكير

الفصل الثامن: غيِّر سلوكك لتتغيَّر به طريقة تفكيرك

(1)
Pergament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, Practice. London: Guilford.
(2)
McCarthy, J., & Brown, A. (2015, March 2). Getting more sleep linked to higher well-being. Gallup. Retrieved from http://news.gallup.com/poll/181583/getting-sleep-linked-higher.aspx
(3)
Tang, N. K. Y., Fiecas, M., Afolalu, E. F., & Wolke, D. (2017). Changes in sleep duration, quality, and medication use are prospectively associated with health and well-being: Analysis of the UK household longitudinal study. Sleep, 40(3).
(4)
Steptoe, A., O’Donnell, K., Marmot, M., & Wardle, J. (2008). Positive affect, psychological well-being, and good sleep. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 409–415.
(5)
Nota, J. A., & Coles, M. E. (2018). Shorter sleep duration and longer sleep onset latency are related to difficulty disengaging attention from negative emotional images in individuals with elevated transdiagnostic repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 58, 114–122; Nota, J. A., & Coles, M. E. (2015). Duration and timing of sleep are associated with repetitive negative thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(2), 253–256; Vargas, I., Drake, C. L., & Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2017). Insomnia symptom severity modulates the impact of sleep deprivation on attentional biases to emotional information. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(6), 842–852.
(6)
Jike, M., Itani, O., Watanabe, N., Buysse, D. J., & Kaneita, Y. (2018). Long sleep duration and health outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 39, 25–36; Redeker, N. S., Ruggiero, J. S., & Hedges, C. (2004). Sleep is related to physical function and emotional well-being after cardiac surgery. Nursing Research, 53(3), 154–162.
(7)
Prather, A. A., Janicki-Deverts, D., Hall, M. H., & Cohen, S. (2015). Behaviorally assessed sleep and susceptibility to the common cold. Sleep, 38(9), 1353–1359.
(8)
Potter, L. M., & Weiler, N. (2015, August 31). Sleep deprived? Expect to get sick too. University of California News. Retrieved from https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/sleep-deprived-get-sick-more-often
(9)
Gabriel, S., & Young, A. F. (2011). Becoming a vampire without being bitten: The narrative collective-assimilation hypothesis. Psychological Science, 22(8), 990–994.
(10)
Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013, October 18). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 377–380.
(11)
Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Giovannini, D., Capozza, D., & Trifiletti, E. (2015). The greatest magic of Harry Potter: Reducing prejudice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(2), 105–121.
(12)
Johnson, D. (2016, July 21). Reading fictional novels can make you more empathetic. Science World Report. Retrieved from https://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/44162/20160721/reading-fictionalnovels-can-make-you-more-empathetic.htm
(13)
Bavishi, A., Slade, M. D., & Levy, B. R. (2016). A chapter a day—Association of book reading with longevity. Social Science & Medicine, 164, 44–48.
(14)
Forcier, K., Stroud, L. R., Papandonatos, G. D., Hitsman, B., Reiches, M., Krishnamoorthy, J., & Niaura, R. (2006). Links between physical fitness and cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to psychological stressors: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 25(6), 723–739; Zschucke, E., Renneberg, B., Dimeo, F., Wüstenberg, T., & Ströhle, A. (2015). The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: Evidence for HPA axis negative feedback. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 414–425.
(15)
Bherer, L., Erickson, K. I., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2013). A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2013, 657508.
(16)
Hsu, C. L., Best, J. R., Davis, J. C., Nagamatsu, L. S., Wang, S., Boyd, L. A., … Liu-Ambrose, T. (2018). Aerobic exercise promotes executive functions and impacts functional neural activity among older adults with vascular cognitive impairment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 184–191.
(17)
McCann, I. L., & Holmes, D. S. (1984). Influence of aerobic exercise on depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 1142–1147; Mammen, G., & Faulkner, G. (2013). Physical activity and the prevention of depression. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(5), 649–657.
(18)
Puterman, E., Weiss, J., Beauchamp, M. R., Mogle, J., & Almeida, D. M. (2017). Physical activity and negative affective reactivity in daily life. Health Psychology, 36(12), 1186–1194.
(19)
Craft, L. L., & Perna, F. M. (2004). The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 6(3), 104–111; Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Richards, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., & Stubbs, B. (2016). Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 42–51.
(20)
Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Moore, K. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., … Krishnan, K. R. (1999). Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(19), 2349–2356.
(21)
Diaz, K. M., Howard, V. J., Hutto, B., Colabianchi, N., Vena, J. E., Safford, M. M., … Hooker, S. P. (2017). Patterns of sedentary behavior and mortality in U.S. middle-aged and older adults: A national cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167, 465–475.
(22)
Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004). Money, sex and happiness: An empirical study. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106, 393–415.
(23)
Loewenstein, G., Krishnamurti, T., Kopsic, J., & McDonald, D. (2015). Does increased sexual frequency enhance happiness? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 116, 206–218.
(24)
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press; VanderWeele, T. J. (2017). Religious communities and human flourishing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(5), 476–481.
(25)
McCullough, M., Hoyt, W. T., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & Thoresen, C. (2000). Religious involvement and mortality. Health Psychology, 19(3), 211–222.
(26)
Contrada, R. J., Goyal, T. M., Cather, C., Rafalson, L., Idler, E. L., & Krause, T. J. (2004). Psychosocial factors in outcomes of heart surgery: The impact of religious involvement and depressive symptoms. Health Psychology, 23(3), 227–238.
(27)
Li, S., Stampfer, M. J., Williams, D. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2016). Association of religious service attendance with mortality among women. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(6), 777–785.
(28)
Ai, A. L., Park, C. L., Huang, B., Rodgers, W., & Tice, T. N. (2007). Religious coping styles: A study of short-term psychological distress following cardiac surgery. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(6), 867–882.
(29)
Leeson, L. A., Nelson, A. M., Rathouz, P. J., Juckett, M. B., Coe, C. L., Caes, E. W., & Costanzo, E. S. (2015). Spirituality and the recovery of quality of life following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Health Psychology, 34(9), 920–928.
(30)
Park, C. L., George, L., Aldwin, C. M., Choun, S., Suresh, D. P., & Bliss, D. (2016). Spiritual peace predicts 5-year mortality in congestive heart failure patients. Health Psychology, 35(3), 203–210.
(31)
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2014). Residents of poor nations have a greater sense of meaning in life than residents of wealthy nations. Psychological Science, 25(2), 422 –430.
(32)
Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1–12; Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(6), 519–528.
(33)
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062; Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., … Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). How positive emotions build physical health: Perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1123–1132.
(34)
Braden, B. B., Pipe, T. B., Smith, R., Glaspy, T. K., Deatherage, B. R., & Baxter, L. C. (2016). Brain and behavior changes associated with an abbreviated 4‐week mindfulness‐based stress reduction course in back pain patients. Brain and Behavior, 6(3), e00443; Feuille, M., & Pargament, K. (2015). Pain, mindfulness, and spirituality: A randomized controlled trial comparing effects of mindfulness and relaxation on pain-related outcomes in migraineurs. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(8), 1090–1106.
(35)
Johns, S. A., Brown, L. F., Beck‐Coon, K., Monahan, P. O., Tong, Y., & Kroenke, K. (2015). Randomized controlled pilot study of mindfulnessbased stress reduction for persistently fatigued cancer survivors. Psycho‐ Oncology, 24(8), 885–893; Lengacher, C. A., Shelton, M. M., Reich, R. R., Barta, M. K., Johnson-Mallard, V., Moscoso, M. S., … Lucas, J. (2014). Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR(BC)) in breast cancer: Evaluating fear of recurrence (FOR) as a mediator of psychological and physical symptoms in a randomized control trial (RCT). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 185–195; Witek-Janusek, L., Albuquerque, K., Chroniak, K. R., Chroniak, C., Durazo-Arvizu, R., & Mathews, H. L. (2008). Effect of mindfulness based stress reduction on immune function, quality of life and coping in women newly diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(6), 969–981.
(36)
Barnes, V. A., Kapuku, G. K., & Treiber, F. A. (2012). Impact of transcendental meditation on left ventricular mass in African American adolescents. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 923153.
(37)
Ornish, D., Scherwitz, L. W., Billings, J. H., Gould, K. L., Merritt, T. A., Sparler, S., … Brand, R. J. (1998). Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(23), 2001–2007.
(38)
Jazaieri, H., Lee, I. A., McGonigal, K., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2016). A wandering mind is a less caring mind: Daily experience sampling during compassion meditation training. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(1), 37–50.
(39)
Sweeny, K., & Howell, J. L. (2017). Bracing later and coping better: Benefits of mindfulness during a stressful waiting period. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(10), 1399–1414.
(40)
Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S. W. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Research, 191(1), 36–43.
(41)
Luders, E., Cherbuin, N., & Kurth, F. (2015). Forever young(er): potential age-defying effects of long-term meditation on gray matter atrophy. Frontiers in Psychology, 5.
(42)
Hoge, E. A., Chen, M. M., Orr, E., Metcalf, C. A., Fischer, L. E., Pollack, M. H., … Simon, N. M. (2013). Loving-kindness meditation practice associated with longer telomeres in women. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 32, 159–163.
(43)
Eyre, H. A., Acevedo, B., Yang, H., Siddarth, P., Van Dyk, K., Ercoli, L., … Lavretsky, H. (2016). Changes in neural connectivity and memory following a yoga intervention for older adults: A pilot study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 52(2), 673–684.
(44)
Schulte, B. (2015, May 26). Harvard neuroscientist: Meditation not only reduces stress, here’s how it changes your brain. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2015/05/26/harvard-neuroscientist-meditation-not-only-reducesstress-it-literally-changes-your-brain/
(45)
Patrick, V. M., & Hagtvedt, H. (2012). “I don’t” versus “I can’t”: When empowered refusal motivates goal-directed behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(2), 371–381.
(46)
Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2015). Checking email less frequently reduces stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 220–228.

الفصل التاسع: الطبيعة مفيدة للعقل والجسم

(1)
Ryan, R. M., Weinstein, N., Bernstein, J., Brown, K. W., Mistretta, L., & Gagné, M. (2010). Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 159–168.
(2)
White, M. P., Alcock, I., Wheeler, B. W., & Depledge, M. H. (2013). Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? A fixed-effects analysis of panel data. Psychological Science, 24(6), 920–928.
(3)
Beyer, K. M. M., Kaltenbach, A., Szabo, A., Bogar, S., Nieto, F. J., & Malecki, K. M. (2014). Exposure to neighborhood green space and mental health: Evidence from the survey of the health of Wisconsin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(3), 3453–3472.
(4)
Bertrand, K. Z., Bialik, M., Virdee, K., Gros, A., & Bar-Yam, Y. (2013, August 20). Sentiment in New York City: A high resolution spatial and temporal view. Cambridge, MA: New England Complex Systems Institute. arXiv:1308.5010.
(5)
Dravigne, A., Waliczek, T. M., Lineberger, R. D., & Zajicek, J. M. (2008). The effect of live plants and window views of green spaces on employee perceptions of job satisfaction. HortScience, 43, 183–187.
(6)
Nieuwenhuis, M., Knight, C., Postmes, T., & Haslam, S. A. (2014). The relative benefits of green versus lean office space: Three field experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20(3), 199–214.
(7)
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207–1212.
(8)
Berman, M. G., Kross, E., Krpan, K. M., Askren, M. K., Burson, A., Deldin, P. J., … Jonides, J. (2012). Interacting with nature improves cognition and affect for individuals with depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140(3), 300–305.
(9)
Li, D., & Sullivan, W. C. (2016). Impact of views to school landscapes on recovery from stress and mental fatigue. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148, 149–158.
(10)
Lee, K. E., Williams, K. J. H., Sargent, L. D., Williams, N. S. G., & Johnson, K. A. (2015). 40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 182.
(11)
Aspinall, P., Mavros, P., Coyne, R., & Roe, J. (2015). The urban brain: Analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 272–276.
(12)
Bratman, G. N., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 41–50.
(13)
Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., Hahn, K. S., Daily, G. C., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Nature experience reduces rumination and subgenual prefrontal cortex activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(28), 8567–8572. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1510459112.
(14)
Li, Q. (2010). Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 9–17; Park, B. J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Kasetani, T., Kagawa, T., & Miyazaki, Y. (2010). The physiological effects of shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): Evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 18–26.
(15)
Grahn, P., & Stigsdotter, U. A. (2003). Landscape planning and stress. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2(1), 1–18.
(16)
Bhatt, V. (2014, August 12). People living in green neighborhoods are happy: Study. MDnewsdaily. Retrieved from https://www.mdnewsdaily.com/articles/1135/20140412/living-around-greenery-makes-youhappy.htm
(17)
Van den Berg, M. M. H. E., Maas, J., Muller, R., Braun, A., Kaandorp, W., van Lien, R., … van den Berg, A. E. (2015). Autonomic nervous system responses to viewing green and built settings: Differentiating between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(12), 15860–15874.
(18)
Kim, G.-W., Jeong, G.-W., Kim, T.-H., Baek, H.-S., Oh, S.-K., Kang, H.-K., … Song, J.-K. (2010). Functional neuroanatomy associated with natural and urban scenic views in the human brain: 3.0T functional MR imaging. Korean Journal of Radiology, 11(5), 507–513.
(19)
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421.
(20)
Park, S.-H., & Mattson, R. H. (2009). Ornamental indoor plants in hospital rooms enhanced health outcomes of patients recovering from surgery. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(9), 975–980.
(21)
Park, S.-H., & Mattson, R. H. (2008). Effects of flowering and foliage plants in hospital rooms on patients recovering from abdominal surgery. HortTechnology, 18, 563–568.
(22)
Ulrich R. S., Lundén O., & Eltinge J. L. (1993). Effects of exposure to nature and abstract pictures on patients recovering from heart surgery. Psychophysiology, 30, 7.
(23)
De Vries, S., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). Natural environments—healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environment and Planning, 35(10), 1717–1731.
(24)
Brown, S. C., Lombard, J., Wang, K., Byrne, M. M., Toro, M., Plater-Zyberk, E., … Szapocznik, J. (2016). Neighborhood greenness and chronic health conditions in Medicare beneficiaries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(1), 78–89.
(25)
Shanahan, D. F., Bush, R., Gaston, K. J., Lin, B. B., Dean, J., Barber, E., & Fuller, R. A. (2016). Health benefits from nature experiences depend on dose. Scientific Reports, 6, 28551.
(26)
James, P., Hart, J. E., Banay, R. F., & Laden, F. (2016). Exposure to greenness and mortality in a nationwide prospective cohort study of women. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124, 1344–1352.
(27)
Franklin, D. (2012, March 1). How hospital gardens help patients heal. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nature-that-nurtures/
(28)
Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective forecasting errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1101–1106.
(29)
Largo-Wight, E., Chen, W. W., Dodd, V., & Weiler, R. (2011). Healthy workplaces: The effects of nature contact at work on employee stress and health. Public Health Reports, 126(Suppl. 1), 124–130.
(30)
Passmore, H.-A., & Holder, M. D. (2017). Noticing nature: Individual and social benefits of a two-week intervention. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 537–546.
(31)
Van den Berg, A. E., & Custers, M. H. (2011). Gardening promotes neuroendocrine and affective restoration from stress. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(1), 3–11.
(32)
Soga, M., Gaston, K. J., & Yamaura, Y. (2017). Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports, 5, 92–99.
(33)
Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13, 523–556; White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Cracknell, D., & Depledge, M. (2010). Blue space: The importance of water for preferences, affect and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 482–493.

الفصل العاشر: أنفقِ النقود بحكمة: سافر في رحلة، شاهد مسرحية، اذهب إلى مباراة

(1)
Böll, H. (2011). The collected stories. Brooklyn, NJ: Melville House Books.
(2)
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(8), 917–927.
(3)
Graham, C. (2012). Happiness around the world: The paradox of happy peasants and miserable millionaires. New York: Oxford University Press, 214.
(4)
Brooks, D. (2011). The social animal: The hidden sources of love, character, and achievement. New York: Random House.
(5)
Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(38), 16489–16493.
(6)
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2006, June 30). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 1908–1910.
(7)
Haushofer, J., & Shapiro, J. (2016). The short-term impact of unconditional cash transfers to the poor: Experimental evidence from Kenya. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1973–2042.
(8)
Dittmar, H., Bond, R., Hurst, M., & Kasser, T. (2014). The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 879–924; Kasser, T. (2002). The high Price of materialism. Boston: MIT Press.
(9)
Carroll, J. S., Dean, L. R., Call, L. L., & Busby, D. M. (2011). Materialism and marriage: Couple profiles of congruent and incongruent spouses. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 10(4), 287–308.
(10)
Bauer, M. A., Wilkie, J. E. B., Kim, J. K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2012). Cuing Consumerism: Situational materialism undermines personal and social well-being. Psychological Science, 23(5), 517–523.
(11)
Corless, R. (1989). The vision of Buddhism: The space under the tree. New York: Paragon House.
(12)
Franklin, B. (1998). Benjamin Franklin: Wit and wisdom. White Plains, NY: Peter Pauper Press.
(13)
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004, December 3). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 1776–1780.
(14)
Bianchi, E. C., & Vohs, K. D. (2016). Social class and social worlds: Income predicts the frequency and nature of social contact. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(5), 479–486.
(15)
Piff, P. K., & Moskowitz, J. (2018). Wealth, poverty, and happiness: Social class is differentially associated with positive emotions. Emotion, 18, 902–905.
(16)
Sliwa, J. (2017, December 18). How much people earn is associated with how they experience happiness. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/12/earn-happiness.aspx
(17)
Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2003). To do or to have? That is the question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1193–1202.
(18)
Weed, J. (2016, December 12). Gifts that Santa, the world traveler, would love. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/business/gifts-that-santa-the-world-traveler-wouldlove.html
(19)
Pchelin, P., & Howell, R. T. (2014). The hidden cost of value-seeking: People do not accurately forecast the economic benefits of experiential purchases. Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(4), 332–334.
(20)
Nowlis, S. M., Mandel, N., & McCabe, D. B. (2004). The effect of a delay between choice and consumption on consumption enjoyment. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(3), 502–510.
(21)
Kumar, A., Killingsworth, M. A. & Gilovich, T. (2014). Waiting for Merlot: Anticipatory consumption of experiential and material purchases. Psychological Science, 25(10), 1924–1931.
(22)
Krakauer, J. (1997). Into the wild. New York: Anchor Books.
(23)
Caprariello, P. A., & Reis, H. T. (2013). To do, to have, or to share? Valuing experiences over material possessions depends on the involvement of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 199–215.
(24)
Kumar, A. & Gilovich, T. (2015). Some “thing” to talk about? Differential story utility from experiential and material purchases. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(10), 1320–1331.
(25)
Hershfield, H. E., Mogilner, C., & Barnea, U. (2016). People who choose time over money are happier. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 697–706; Whillans, A. V., Dunn, E. W., Smeets, P., Bekkers, R., & Norton, M. I. (2017). Buying time promotes happiness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(32), 8523–8527.
(26)
Whillans, A. V., Weidman, A. C., & Dunn, E. W. (2016). Valuing time over money is associated with greater happiness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 213–222.
(27)
Diehl, K., Zauberman, G., & Barasch, A. (2016). How taking photos increases enjoyment of experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(2), 119–140.
(28)
Nawijn, J., Marchand, M. A., Veenhoven, R., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2010). Vacationers happier, but most not happier after a holiday. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 5(1), 35–47.
(29)
Van Boven, L., & Ashworth, L. (2007). Looking forward, looking back: Anticipation is more evocative than retrospection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 289–300.

الفصل الحادي عشر: قدِّم هديةً لأي شخص

(1)
Santi, J. (2015, December 1). The science behind the power of giving (oped). LiveScience. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/52936-needto-give-boosted-by-brain-science-and-evolution.html
(2)
Dunn, E. W., Aknin, B. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 21, 1687–1688.
(3)
Aknin, L. B., Barrington-Leigh, C. P., Dunn, E. W., Helliwell, J. F., Burns, J., Biswas-Diener, R., … Norton, M. I. (2013). Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 635–652.
(4)
Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008, March 21). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 21, 1687–1688.
(5)
Deaton, A. (2008). Income, health, well-being around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22, 53–72.
(6)
Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., Sandstrom, G. M., & Norton, M. I. (2013). Does social connection turn good deeds into good feelings? On the value of putting the ‘social’ in prosocial spending. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 1(2), 155–171.
(7)
Dulin, P. L., Gavala, J., Stephens, C., Kostick, M., & McDonald, J. (2012). Volunteering predicts happiness among older Māori and non-Māori in the New Zealand health, work, and retirement longitudinal study. Aging & Mental Health, 16(5), 617–624.
(8)
Borgonovi, F. (2008). Doing well by doing good. The relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness. Social Science & Medicine, 66(11), 2321–2334.
(9)
McCann, S. J. H. (2017). Higher USA state resident neuroticism is associated with lower state volunteering rates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(12), 1659–1674.
(10)
Twain, M. (1935). Mark Twain’s notebook. New York: Harper & Brothers.
(11)
Cunningham, M. R., Steinberg, J., & Grev, R. (1980). Wanting to and having to help: Separate motivations for positive mood and guilt-induced helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 181–192.
(12)
Aknin, L. B., Hamlin, J. K., & Dunn, E. W. (2012). Giving leads to happiness in young children. PLOS One, 7(6): e39211.
(13)
Moll, J., Krueger, F., Zahn, R., Pardini, M., de Oliveira-Souza, R., & Grafman, J. (2006). Human fronto-mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(42), 15623–15628.
(14)
Harbaugh, W. T., Mayr, U., & Burghart, D. R. (2007, June 15). Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 1622–1625.
(15)
Sullivan, G. B., & Sullivan, M. J. (1997). Promoting wellness in cardiac rehabilitation: Exploring the role of altruism. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 11(3), 43–52; Ironson, G., Solomon, G. F., Balbin, E. G., O’Cleirigh, C., George, A., Kumar, M., … Woods, T. E. (2002). The Ironson-Woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index is associated with long survival, health behaviors, less distress, and low cortisol in people with HIV/AIDS. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 34–48.
(16)
Whillans, A. V., Dunn, E. W., Sandstrom, G. M., Dickerson, S. S., & Madden, K. M. (2016). Is spending money on others good for your heart? Health Psychology, 35(6), 574–583.
(17)
Piferi, R. L., & Lawler, K. A. (2006). Social support and ambulatory blood pressure: An examination of both receiving and giving. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62(2), 328–336.
(18)
Raposa, E. B., Laws, H. B., & Ansell, E. B. (2016). Prosocial behavior mitigates the negative effects of stress in everyday life. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 691–698.
(19)
Inagaki, T. K., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2016). Giving support to others reduces sympathetic nervous system-related responses to stress. Psychophysiology, 53(4), 427–435; Brown, S. L., Fredrickson, B. L., Wirth, M. M., Poulin, M. J., Meier, E. A., Heaphy, E. D., … Schultheiss, O. C. (2009). Social closeness increases salivary progesterone in humans. Hormones and Behavior, 56(1), 108–111.
(20)
Brown, S. L., Nesse, R. M., Vinokur, A. D., & Smith, D. M. (2003). Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: Results from a prospective study of mortality. Psychological Science, 14(4), 320–327.
(21)
Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., & McMahon, K. (1999). Volunteerism and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 301–316.
(22)
Poulin, M. J., Brown, S. L., Dillard, A. J., & Smith, D. M. (2013). Giving to others and the association between stress and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 103(9), 1649–1655.
(23)
Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: Autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 222–244.
(24)
Poulin, M. J. (2014). Volunteering predicts health among those who value others: Two national studies. Health Psychology, 33(2), 120–129.
(25)
Konrath, S., Fuhrel-Forbis, A., Lou, A., & Brown, S. (2012). Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychology, 31(1), 87–96.
(26)
Buchanan, K. E., & Bardi, A. (2010). Acts of kindness and acts of novelty affect life satisfaction. Journal of Social Psychology, 150(3), 235–237.
(27)
Aknin, L, B., Dunn, E. W., Whillans, A. V., Grant, A. M., & Norton, M. I. (2013). Making a difference matters: Impact unlocks the emotional benefits of prosocial spending. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 88, 90–95.
(28)
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. T., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421.

الفصل الثاني عشر: كوِّن علاقات: كلُّ ما تحتاجه هو الحب

(1)
Gawande, A. (2014). Being mortal: Medicine and what matters in the end. New York: Metropolitan Books.
(2)
Gilbert, D. (2007, June 12). What is happiness? Big Think. Retrieved from https://bigthink.com/videos/what-is-happiness
(3)
Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging well: Surprising guideposts to a happier life from the landmark Harvard study of adult development. Boston: Little, Brown.
(4)
Mehl, M. R., Vazire, S., Holleran, S. E., & Clark, C. S. (2010). Eavesdropping on happiness: Well-being is related to having less small talk and more substantive conversations. Psychological Science, 21(4), 539–541.
(5)
Venaglia, R. B., & Lemay, E. P., Jr. (2017). Hedonic benefits of close and distant interaction partners: The mediating roles of social approval and authenticity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(9), 1255–1267.
(6)
Sandstrom, G. M., & Dunn, E. W. (2014). Social interactions and wellbeing: The surprising power of weak ties. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(7), 910–922.
(7)
Epley, N., & Schroeder, J. (2014). Mistakenly seeking solitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(5), 1980–1999.
(8)
Lambert, N. M., Gwinn, A. M., Baumeister, R. F., Strachman, A., Washburn, I. J., Gable, S. L., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). A boost of positive affect: The perks of sharing positive experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, 24–43.
(9)
Smith, M. (2000). The letters of Charlotte Brontë: With a selection of letters by family and friends (Vol. 2, 1848–1851). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(10)
Boothby, E., Clark, M. S., & Bargh, J. A. (2014). Shared experiences are amplified. Psychological Science, 25(12), 2209–2216.
(11)
Lambert, N. M., Gwinn, A. M., Baumeister, R. F., Strachman, A., Washburn, I. J., Gable, S. L., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). A boost of positive affect: The perks of sharing positive experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, 24–43.
(12)
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(22), 9985–9990.
(13)
U-bend of life, the. (2010, December 16). Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/the-u-bendof-life
(14)
English, T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2014). Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 195–202.
(15)
Fredrickson, B. L., & Carstensen, L. L. (1990). Choosing social partners: How old age and anticipated endings make people more selective. Psychology and Aging, 5(3), 335–347.
(16)
Carstensen, L. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). Influence of HIV status and age on cognitive representations of others. Health Psychology, 17(6), 494–503.
(17)
Yang, Y. C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, T., Schorpp, K., & Harris, K. M. (2016). Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 578–583.
(18)
Orth-Gomér, K., Rosengren, A., & Wilhelmsen, L. (1993). Lack of social support and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(1), 37–43.
(19)
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLOS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316.
(20)
Berkman, L. F., & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(2), 186–204.
(21)
Giles, L., Glonek, G., Luszcz, M., & Andrews, G. (2005). Effect of social networks on 10 year survival in very old Australians: The Australian longitudinal study of aging. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(7), 574–579.
(22)
Kroenke, C. H., Kubzansky, L. D., Schernhammer, E. S., Holmes, M. D., & Kawachi, I. (2006). Social networks, social support, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(7), 1105–1111.
(23)
Ruberman, W., Weinblatt, E., Goldberg, J. D., & Chaudhary, B. S. (1984). Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 311(9), 552–559.
(24)
Brummett, B. H., Barefoot, J. C., Siegler, I. C., Clapp-Channing, N. E., Lytle, B. L., Bosworth, H. B., … Mark, D. B. (2001). Characteristics of socially isolated patients with coronary artery disease who are at elevated risk for mortality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(2), 267–272.
(25)
Rosengren, A., Orth-Gomér, K., Wedel, H., & Wilhelmsen, L. (1993). Stressful life events, social support, and mortality in men born in 1933. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 307(6912), 1102–1105.
(26)
Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1032–1039.
(27)
Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Turner, R. B., & Doyle, W. J. (2015). Does hugging provide stress-buffering social support? A study of susceptibility to upper respiratory infection and illness. Psychological Science, 26(2), 135–147.
(28)
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227.
(29)
Perissinotto, C. M., Cenzer, I. S., & Covinsky, K. E. (2012). Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(14), 1078–1083; Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart, 102, 1009–1016.
(30)
Murthy, V. (2017, September 27). Work and the loneliness epidemic. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/coverstory/2017/09/work-and-the-loneliness-epidemic
(31)
Teo, A. R., Choi, H., & Valenstein, M. (2013). Social relationships and depression: Ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PLOS One, 8(4), e62396.
(32)
Birmingham, W. C., Uchino, B. N., Smith, T. W., Light, K. C., & Butner, J. (2015). It’s complicated: Marital ambivalence on ambulatory blood pressure and daily interpersonal functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 743–753.
(33)
King, K. B., & Reis, H. T. (2012). Marriage and long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting. Health Psychology, 31(1), 55–62; King, K. B., Reis, H. T., Porter, L. A., & Norsen, L. H. (1993). Social support and long-term recovery from coronary artery surgery: Effects on patients and spouses. Health Psychology, 12(1), 56–63.
(34)
Bakalar, N. (2008, April 1). Patterns: Another reason to choose a mate wisely. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/01/health/research/01patt.html
(35)
American Time Use Survey Summary. (2018, June 28). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm/
(36)
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences faceto-face conversation quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 237–246.
(37)
Misra, S., Cheng, L., Genevie, J., & Yuan, M. (2014). The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. Environment and Behavior, 48(2), 275–298.
(38)
Mubanga, M., Byberg, L., Nowak, C., Egenvall, A., Magnusson, P. K., Ingelsson, E., & Fall, T. (2017). Dog ownership and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death—a nationwide cohort study. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 15821.
(39)
Siegel, J. M. (1990). Stressful life events and use of physician services among the elderly: The moderating role of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1081–1086.
(40)
Müller, C. A., Schmitt, K., Barber, A. L. A., & Huber L. (2015). Dogs can discriminate emotional expressions of human faces. Current Biology, 25(5), 601–605.
(41)
Tolstoy, L. (2003). Anna Karenina: A novel in eight parts (R. Pevear & L. Volokhonsky, Trans.). London: Penguin.

الخاتمة

(1)
Zuckerman, M., Kolin, E. A., Price, L., & Zoob, I. (1964). Development of a sensation-seeking scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28(6), 477–482.
(2)
Faber, F. W. (1860). Spiritual conferences. London: Thomas Richardson and Son.

جميع الحقوق محفوظة لمؤسسة هنداوي © ٢٠٢٤