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قائمة المراجع والقراءات الإضافية

قراءاتٌ عامة

  • Knowlton, N. (2010) Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Census of Marine Life. National Geographic Society.
  • Levinton, J. S. (2018) Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology. 5th Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Palumbi, S. R. and Palumbi, A. R. (2014) The Extreme Life of the Sea. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Roberts, C. (2012) Ocean of Life. London: Penguin Group.
  • Rossi, S. (2019) Oceans in Decline. Basel: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  • Thomas, D. N. and Bowers, D. G. (2012, reprinted 2018) Introducing Oceanography. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press Ltd.

المقدمة

الفصل الأول: بيئة المحيطات

  • Bähr U. (ed.) (2017) Ocean Atlas: Facts and Figures on the Threats to our Marine Ecosystems. 1st Edition. Berlin: Heinrich Boll Foundation.
  • Charette, M. A. and Smith, W. H. F. (2010) The volume of the Earth’s ocean. Oceanography 23 (2), 104–6.
  • Laffoley, D. and Baxter, J. M. (eds). (2016) Explaining Ocean Warming: Causes, Scale, Effects and Consequences. Full Report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
  • Praetorius, S. K. (2018) North Atlantic circulation slows down. Nature 556, 180–1.
  • Quote Investigator (2017) Planet “Earth”: we should have called it “Sea”. (Online) Available from: https://quoteinvestigator.com/2017/01/25/water-planet/ (Accessed 11 January 2019).
  • USGS (2016) How much water is there on, in, and above the Earth? (Online) Available from: https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthhowmuch.html (Accessed 11 January 2019).
  • Wessel, P., Sandwell, D. T., and Kim, S.-S. (2010) The global seamount census. Oceanography 23 (1), 24–33.
  • Wittmann, A. C. and Pörtner, H.-O. (2013) Sensitivities of extant animal taxa to ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change 3, 995–1001.

الفصل الثاني: العمليات البيولوجية البحرية

  • Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., and Milo, R. (2018) The biomass distribution on Earth, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Online) 115 (25) 6506–11. Available from: DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711842115 (Accessed 12 January 2019).
  • Biller, S. J., Berube, P. M., Lindell, D., and Chisholm, S. W. (2015) Prochlorococcus: the structure and function of collective diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol.13 (1), 13–27. Available from: DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3378.
  • Brierley, A. S. (2017) Plankton. Current Biology 27, R478–83.
  • Bristow, L. A., Mohr, W., Ahmerkamp, S., and Kuypers, M. M. M. (2017) Nutrients that limit growth in the oceans. Current Biology 27, R474–8.
  • Carradec, Q., Pelletier, E., Da Silva, C., et al. (2018) A global ocean atlas of eukaryotic genes. Nature Communications (Online) 9, Article number 373. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02342-1 (Accessed 19 January 2019).
  • Chisholm, S. W. (2017) Prochlorococcus. Current Biology 27, R447–8.
  • Coutinho, F. H., Silveira, C. B., Gregoracci, G. B., et al. (2017) Marine viruses discovered via metagenomics shed light on viral strategies throughout the oceans. Nature Communications (Online) 8, 15955. Available from: doi: 10.1038/ncomms15955 (Accessed 19 January 2019).
  • de Vargas, C., Audic, S., Henry, N., et al. (2017) Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean. Science (Online) 348 (6237). Available from: DOI: 10.1126/science.1261605. (Accessed 19 January 2019).
  • Fenchel, T. (2008) The microbial loop—25 years later. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 366, 99–103.
  • Keeling, P. J. and del Campo, J. (2017) Marine protists are not just big bacteria. Current Biology 27, R541–9.
  • NASA (n.d.). Oceancolor Web. (Online) Available from: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/ (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • Pomeroy, L. R. (1974) The ocean’s food web, a changing paradigm. BioScience 24 (9), 499–504.
  • Pomeroy, L. R., Williams, P. J. leB., Farooq Azam, F., and Hobbie, J. E. (2007) The microbial loop. Oceanography 20 (2), 28–33.
  • Powell, H. (2008) Fertilizing the ocean with iron. Oceanus Magazine 46 (1), 4–9. Available from: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/fertilizing-the-ocean-with-iron.
  • Salazar, G. and Sunagawa, S. (2017) Marine microbial diversity. Current Biology 27, R489–94.
  • Suttle, C. A. (2007) Marine viruses—major players in the global system. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5, 801–12.
  • Tara Oceans (2015) Planktonic world: the new frontier. First scientific results from the Tara Oceans expedition. (Online) Available from: https://oceans.taraexpeditions.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/press-kit_tara-oceans.pdf (Accessed 11 January 2019).
  • Tollefson, J. (2017) Plankton-boosting project in Chile sparks controversy. Nature 345, 393–4.

الفصل الثالث: الحياة في المحيط الساحلي

  • Anderson, D. (2014) HABs in a changing world: a perspective on harmful algal blooms, their impacts, and research and management in a dynamic era of climactic and environmental change. Harmful Algae 2012 (2012), 3–17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667985/.
  • Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., and Isensee, K. (eds). (2018) Global Ocean Oxygen Network 2018. The Ocean is Losing its Breath: Declining Oxygen in the World’s Ocean and Coastal Waters. IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Series, No. 137 40pp. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14776/en.
  • De Poorter, M., Darby, C., and MacKay, J. (2009) Marine Menace: Alien Invasive Species in the Marine Environment. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1–31.
  • Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C. M., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., et al. (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLOS ONE (Online) 9 (12). e111913. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • Evans, S. M., Griffin, K. J., Blick, R. A. J., Poore, A. G. B., and Vergés A. (2018) Seagrass on the brink: decline of threatened seagrass Posidonia australis continues following protection. PLoS ONE (Online) 13 (4): e0190370. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190370 (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019) Ballast waters: pollution and invasive species. (Online) Available from: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14776/en (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • Galloway, T. and Lewis, C. (2017) Marine microplastics. Current Biology 27, R445–6.
  • Irwin, A. (2018) How to solve a problem like plastics. New Scientist 238 (3178), 25–31.
  • Ling, S. D., Scheibling, R. E., Rassweiler, A., et al. (2015) Global regime shift dynamics of catastrophic sea urchin overgrazing. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biological Sciences (Online). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0269 (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • McClenachan, L., Jackson, J. B. C., and Newman, M. J. H. (2006) Conservation implications of historic sea turtle nesting beach loss. Front. Ecol. Environ. 4 (6), 290–6.
  • The Ocean Cleanup (2019) The largest cleanup in history. (Online) Available from: https://www.theoceancleanup.com/ (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • Reynolds, P. L. (2018) Seagrass and seagrass beds. (Online) Available from: https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/seagrass-and-seagrass-beds (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • Tegner, M. J. and Dayton, P. K. (2000) Ecosystem effects of fishing in kelp forest communities. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 579–89.
  • Unsworth, R. K. F. and Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2017) Seagrass meadows. Current Biology 27, R443–5.

الفصل الرابع: الأحياء البحرية في القطبين

  • Alfred-Wegener-Institut (2018) What goes on beneath the floes. (Online) Available from: https://www.awi.de/en/focus/sea-ice/life-in-and-underneath-sea-ice.html (Accessed 13 January 2019).
  • Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E., and Rothery, P. (2004) Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432, 100–3.
  • Barnes, D. K. A. and Tarling, G. A. (2017) Polar oceans in a changing climate. Current Biology 27, R454–60.
  • Bowman, J. S. (2015). The relationship between sea ice bacterial community structure and biogeochemistry: a synthesis of current knowledge and known unknowns. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (Online) 3, 000072. Available from: DOI: http://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000072 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • FAO (2018) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018—Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • Kock, K.-H. (2007) Antarctic marine living resources—exploitation and its management in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science 19 (2), 231–8.
  • Miller, D. G. M. (1991) Exploitation of Antarctic marine living resources: a brief history and a possible approach to managing the krill fishery. South African Journal of Marine Science 10, 321–39.
  • National Snow & Ice Data Center (2018) State of the cryosphere: is the cryosphere sending signals about climate change? (Online) Available from: https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html (Accessed 13 January 2019).

الفصل الخامس: الحياة البحرية في المناطق الاستوائية

  • Anthony, K., Bay, L. K., Costanza, R., Firn, J., et al. (2017) New interventions are needed to save coral reefs. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, 1420–2.
  • Beyer, H. L., Kennedy, E. V., Beger, M., et al. (2018) Risk-sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conservation Letters (Online) 11 (6) e12587. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12587 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Camp, E. F., Schoepf, V., Mumby, P. J., Hardtke, L. A., et al. (2018) The future of coral reefs subject to rapid climate change: lessons from natural extreme environments. Front. Mar. Sci. (Online) 5 (4). Available from: doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00004 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Degan, B. (2017) Love connection: breakthrough fights crown-of-thorns starfish with pheromones. (Online) Available from: https://theconversation.com/love-connection-breakthrough-fights-crown-of-thorns-starfish-with-pheromones-75779 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Guest, J. R., Edmunds, P. J., Gates, R. D., et al. (2018) A framework for identifying and characterising coral reef “oases” against a backdrop of degradation. J Appl Ecol. 55 (6), 2865–75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365%962664.13179.
  • Hall, M. R., Kocot, K. M., Baughman, K. W., Fernandez-Valverde, S. L., et al. (2017) The crown-of-thorns starfish genome as a guide for biocontrol of this coral reef pest. Nature 544 (7649), 231–4. Available from: doi: 10.1038/nature22033.
  • Hausheer, J. E. (2018) River pollution threatens Australia’s great barrier reef. (Online) Available from: https://blog.nature.org/science/2018/12/03/river-pollution-threatens-australias-great-barrier-reef/ (Accessed 19 January 2019).
  • Hughes, T. P., Barnes, M. L., Bellwood, D. R., Cinner, J. E., et al. (2017) Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546, 82–90.
  • Keith, S. A., Maynard, J. A., Edwards, A. J., et al. (2016) Coral mass spawning predicted by rapid seasonal rise in ocean temperature. Proc. R. Soc. B (Online) 283: 20160011. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0011 (Accessed 19 January 2019).
  • Libro, S. and Vollmer, S. V. (2016) Genetic signature of resistance to White Band Disease in the Caribbean Staghorn Coral Acropora cervicornis. PLoS ONE (Online)11 (1): e0146636. Available from: doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146636 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Mollica, N. R., Guo, W., Cohen, A. L., Huang, K.-F., et al. (2018) Ocean acidification affects coral growth by reducing skeletal density. PNAS (Online)115 (8), 1754–9. Available from: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1712806115 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Plaisance, L., Caley, M. J., Brainard, R. E., and Knowlton, N. (2011) The diversity of coral reefs: what are we missing? PLoS ONE (Online) 6 (10): e25026. Available from: doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025026 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Pratchett, M. S., Caballes, C. F., Wilmes, J. C., Matthews, S., et al. (2017). Thirty years of research on Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (1986–2016): scientific advances and emerging opportunities. Diversity (Online) 9 (4), 41. Available from: doi: 10.3390/d9040041 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Putman, H. M., Barott, K. L., Ainsworth, T. D., and Gates, R. D. (2017). The vulnerability and resilience of reef-building corals. Current Biology 27, R528–40. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.047.
  • Reaka-Kudla, M. L. (1997) The global biodiversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests. In M. L. Reaka-Kudla, D. E Wilson, and E. O. Wilson (eds) Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 83–108 Available from: https://doi.org/10.17226/4901.
  • Roche, R. C., Williams, G. J., and Turner, J. R. (2018) Towards developing a mechanistic understanding of coral reef resilience to thermal stress across multiple scales. Current Climate Change Reports 4 (1), 51–64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0087-0.
  • Romañach, S. S., DeAngelis, D. L., Koh, H. L., Li, Y., et al. (2018) Conservation and restoration of mangroves: global status, perspectives, and prognosis. Ocean and Coastal Management 154, 72–82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.01.009.
  • Uthicke, S., et al. (2015) Outbreak of coral-eating Crown-of-Thorns creates continuous cloud of larvae over 320 km of the Great Barrier Reef. Sci. Rep. (Online) 5, 16885. Available from: doi: 10.1038/srep16885 (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Van Oppen, M. J. H., Gates, R. D., Blackall, L. L., et al. (2017) Shifting paradigms in restoration of the world’s coral reefs. Global Change Biology (Online) 23, 3437–48. Available from: doi: 10.111/gcb.13647. (Accessed 19 January 2019).

الفصل السادس: بيولوجيا أعماق المحيطات

  • Anonymous (2018) The house that sank: creatures called giant larvaceans help ferry food—and pollution—to the deeps. The Economist, 22 and 28 September 2018, p. 68. Available from: https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/09/20/giant-larvaceans-make-their-houses-from-mucus (Accessed 16 January 2019).
  • Clark, M. R., Tittensor, D., Rogers, A. D. P., et al. (2006) Seamounts, Deep-Sea Corals and Fisheries: Vulnerability of Deep-Sea Corals to Fishing on Seamounts beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC.
  • Conniff, R. (2017) Up from the depths: the mass nighttime movement of life from deep sea up to surface is Earth’s largest wildlife migration—a vertical feast that helps fuel the planet. (Online) Available from: https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2018/Dec-Jan/Animals/Vertical-Migration (Accessed 24 January 2019).
  • Copley, J. (2014) Mapping the deep, and the real story behind the “95% unexplored” oceans. (Online) Available from: http://moocs.southampton.ac.uk/oceans/2014/10/04/mapping-the-deep-and-the-real-story-behind-the-95-unexplored-oceans/.
  • Dubilier, N., Bergin, C., and Lott, C. (2008) Symbiotic diversity in marine animals: the art of harnessing chemosynthesis. Nat Rev Micro (Online) 6, 725–40. Available from: DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1992 (Accessed 19 January 2019).
  • Etnoyer, P. J. (2010) Deep-sea corals on seamounts. Oceanography 23 (1), 128–9.
  • The Five Deeps Expedition (n.d.) The world’s first manned expedition to the deepest point in each of the five oceans. (Online) Available from: https://fivedeeps.com/ (Accessed 6 July 2019).
  • Forest & Bird (n.d.) Best fish guide 2017. (Online) Available from: http://bestfishguide.org.nz/ (Accessed 16 January 2019).
  • Katija, K., Choy, C. A., Sherlock, R. E., Sherman, A. D., and Robison, B. H. (2017) From the surface to the seafloor: how giant larvaceans transport microplastics into the deep sea. Science Advances (Online) 3 (8), e1700715 Available from: DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700715 (Accessed 16 January 2019).
  • Lampert, W. (1989) The adaptive significance of diel vertical migration of zooplankton. Functional Ecology 3, 21–7.
  • Marine Stewardship Council (2016) Orange Roughy: the extraordinary turnaround. From a troubled history to Marine Stewardship Council certification. (Online) Available from: http://orange- roughy-stories.msc.org/ (Accessed 16 January 2019).
  • Nakagawa, S. and Takai, K. (2008) Deep-sea vent chemoautotrophs: diversity, biochemistry and ecological significance. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (Online) 65, 1–14. Available from: DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00502.x (Accessed 19 January 2019).
  • Ramirez-Llodra, E., Brandt, A. Danovaro, R. E., et al. (2010) Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world’s largest ecosystem. Biogeosciences Discussions, 7, 2361–485.
  • Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., Fallon, S. J., and Mucciarone, D. A. (2009) Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deep-sea corals. PNAS (Online)106 (13), 5204–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810875106 (Accessed 16 January 2019).
  • Smith. C. (2012) Chemosynthesis in the deep-sea: life without the sun.
  • Biogeosciences Discussions (Online) 9, 17037–52. Available from: doi: 10.5194/bgd-9-17037-2012 (Accessed 15 January 2019).
  • Smith, C. R. and Baco, A. R. (2003) Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 41, 311–54.
  • Wikipedia (2019) Challenger Deep. (Online) Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_Deep (Accessed 14 January 2019).
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (2015) Making organic molecules in hydrothermal vents in the absence of life. (Online) Available from: https://www.whoi.edu/news-release/methane-formation (Accessed 16 January 2019).
  • WoRDSS (n.d.) World Register of Deep-Sea Species. (Online) Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/deepsea/ (Accessed 14 January 2019).

الفصل السابع: الحياة في مناطق المد والجزر

  • Anonymous (2003) Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10388.html.
  • Castilla, J. C. and Duran, L. R. (1985) Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepasconcholepas (Gastropoda). Oikos 45, 391–9.
  • Connell, J. H. (1961) The influence of intra-specific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42, 710–23.
  • Michel, J., Esler, D., and Nixon, Z. (2016) Studies on Exxon Valdez Lingering Oil: Review and Update on Recent Findings—February 2016. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council.
  • Paine, R. T. (1994) Marine rocky shores and community ecology: an experimentalist’s perspective. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. Available from: https://www.int-res.com/articles/eebooks/eebook04.pdf.
  • Smith, J., Fong, P., and Ambrose, R. (2008) The impacts of human visitation on mussel bed communities along the California coast: are regulatory marine reserves effective in protecting these communities? Environmental Management 41 (4), 599–612.
  • Tomanek, L. and Helmuth, B. (2002) Physiological ecology of rocky intertidal organisms: a synergy of concepts. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42 (4), 771–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.4.771.

الفصل الثامن: طعام المحيطات

  • FAO (2018) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018—Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • Gaines, S. D., Costello, C., Owashi, B., et al. (2018) Improved fisheries management could offset many negative effects of climate change. Sci. Adv. (Online) 4 (8), eaao1378. Available from: DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1378. (Accessed 20 January 2019).
  • Gill, D. A., Mascia, M. B., Ahmadia, G. N., et al. (2017) Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally. Nature 543, 665–9.
  • IFFO. The Marine Ingredients Organisation (2015) Fish In: Fish Out (FIFO) ratios for the conversion of wild feed to farmed fish, including salmon. (Online) Available from: http://www.iffo.net/fish-fish-out-fifo-ratios-conversion-wild-feed (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • Lotze, H. K., Coll, M., and Dunne, J. A. (2011) Historical changes in marine resources, food-web structure and ecosystem functioning in the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean. Ecosystems 14, 198–222.
  • Marine Stewardship Council (n.d.) Enjoy the seafood you love. (Online) Available from: https://www.msc.org/ (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • Montañez, A. (2018) How much of the world’s protected land is actually protected? Available from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-much-of-the-worlds-protected-land-is-actually-protected1/ (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • Pauly, D. and Zeller, D. (2016) Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nat. Commun. (Online) 7, 10244. Available from: doi: 10.1038/ncomms10244 (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • Roberts, C. M., O’Leary, B. C., McCauley, D. J., et al. (2017) Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change. PNAS (Online) 114 (24), 6167–75. Available from: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1701262114 (Accessed 20 January 2019).
  • Ryther, J. H. (1969) Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science 166, October, 72–6.
  • Steneck, R. S. (2012) Apex predators and trophic cascades. PNAS (Online) 109 (21), 7953–4; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205591109 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205591109 (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • Travis, J., Coleman, F. C., Auster, P. J., et al. (2014) Integrating the invisible fabric of nature into fisheries management. PNAS (Online) 111 (2), 581–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305853111 (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019) Marine protected planet. (Online) Available from: http://www.protectedplanet.net. (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • Watson, R. A. and Tidd, A. N. (2018). Mapping nearly a century and a half of global marine fishing: 1869 to 2015. Marine Policy 93, 171–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.023.
  • WWF (2017) Get to know your seafood. (Online) Available from: http://wwf.panda.org/get_involved/live_green/out_shopping/seafood_guides/ (Accessed 17 January 2019).
  • Ye, Y., Cochrane, K., Bianchi, G., et al. (2013) Rebuilding global fisheries: the World Summit goal, costs and benefits. Fish andFisheries 14, 174–85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2012.00460.x.

الفصل التاسع: مستقبل محيطاتنا

  • Grip, K. (2017) International marine environmental governance: a review. Ambio (Online) 46, 413–27. Available from: DOI 10.1007/s13280-016-0847-9. (Accessed 20 January 2019).
  • Jackson, J. B. C. (2008) Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, 105 Suppl. 1, 11458–65.
  • Jackson, J. B. C. (2010) The future of the oceans past. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 365, 3765–8.
  • Jones, K. R., Klein, C. J., Halpern, B. S., et al. (2018) The location and protection status of Earth’s diminishing marine wilderness. Current Biology (Online) 28, 1–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.010. (Accessed 20 January 2019).
  • Lotze, H. K. and McClenachan, L. (2013) Marine historical ecology: informing the future by learning from the past. In M. D. Bertness, J. F. Bruno, B. R. Silliman, and J. J. Stachowicz (eds) Marine Community Ecology and Conservation. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. Available from: https://www.lenfestocean.org/-/media/legacy/lenfest/pdfs/mcec_ch08.pdf?la=en&hash=41C7D8770BC6AB33744FB13D40CD5A3DB111EDF0.
  • McCauley, D. J., Pinsky, M. L., Palumbi, S. R., et al. (2015) Marine defaunation: animal loss in the global ocean. Science (Online) 347 (6219), 1255641. Available from: DOI: 10.1126/science.1255641. (Accessed 20 January 2019).
  • Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rogelj, J., et al. (2017) A roadmap for rapid decarbonization. Science (Online) 355 (6331), 1269–71. Available from: doi: 10.1126/science.aah3443. (Accessed 20 January 2019).
  • Visbeck, M. (2018) Ocean science research is key for a sustainable future. Nature Communications (Online) 9 (690), 1–4. Available from: DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03158-3. (Accessed 20 January 2019).
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