قائمة الصور

(1-1) The Global Ocean.
(1-2) Diagrammatic cross-section of an ocean basin.
(1-3) Typical profile of the tropical ocean showing a thermocline layer and the oxygen minimum zone.
(1-4) The major surface currents of the Global Ocean.
(1-5) Simplified schematic of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
(1-6) Simplified view of the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt.
(2-1) Marine microbial diversity.
(2-2) Marine phytoplankton diversity: (a) TEM image of Prochlorococcus MED4 with overlay green coloring. Image taken by Luke Thompson from Chisholm Lab and Nikki Watson from Whitehead, MIT, 2007. (b) DENNIS KUNKEL MICROSCOPY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY (c) Courtesy of Australian Antarctic Division (d) STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY (e) Ikon Images/Alamy Stock Photo.
(2-3) Depiction of seasonal variation in primary productivity in polar, temperate, and tropical oceans. Based on T. Garrison. Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science. Copyright © 2013, Cengage Learning.
(2-4) Depiction of coastal upwelling along the west coast of a continent in the southern hemisphere bringing nutrient-rich seawater to the surface.
(2-5) Zooplankton diversity: (a) Nature Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo (b) Reproduced from Gary N Calkins (1901). Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole. http://www.gutenberg.org. (c) Reproduced from Gary N Calkins (1901). Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole. http://www.gutenberg.org. (d) © 2002 MBARI.
(2-6) Major pathways of energy flow through the marine system.
(2-7) Distribution of biomass between producers and consumers in the terrestrial and marine environments. Reproduced from Yinon et al. The biomass distribution on Earth. PNAS, 115 (25): 6506–6511. Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
(3-1) Global distribution of kelp beds.
(3-2) The structure of a kelp frond.
(3-3) Kelp bed collapse. Mark Corcoran for LA Waterkeeper.
(3-4) Structure of seagrass.
(4-1) Ice core 1 m in diameter showing distinct brown coloration of ice biota. Reproduced from Koh et al. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Microbial Phototrophy in Antarctic Sea Ice. Biology, 2012, 1(3): 54256. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology1030542. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
(4-2) Depiction of the Arctic food web.
(4-3) Antarctic krill. Uwe Kils/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0.
(4-4) The central place of Antarctic krill in the Southern Ocean food web.
(5-1) Aerial view of coral reefs of Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ronnybas frimages/Shutterstock.com.
(5-2) Distribution of coral reefs.
(5-3) Anatomy of a coral polyp.
(5-4) Stages in the formation of an atoll reef. [Aerial view] The Regents of the University of California. Bottom image: D. DigitalGlobe, Inc./TerraMetrics, Top images: Reproduced with permission from Spalding, M. D., et al. World Atlas of Coral Reefs. Published in association with UNEP-WCMC by The University of California Press. Copyright © 2001.
(5-5) Crown-of-thorns sea star feeding on coral colonies. David Burdick/NOAA.
(5-6) Changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the Earth’s atmosphere over the previous two millennia in relation to the timing of global coral bleaching events. Reproduced from Beyer et al. Risk-sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conservation Letters, 2018, 11(6): e12587. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12587. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
(5-7) Black mangrove tree, Avicennia germinans, St Thomas, US Virgin Islands, showing an extensive system of pneumatophores. Chad Zuber/Shutterstock.com.
(6-1) Examples of deep-ocean fish.
(6-2) Deep-ocean benthic diversity: (a) Ocean Networks Canada (b) Image courtesy of Craig Smith and Diva Amon, ABYSSLINE Project. © The Natural History Museum. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0). https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/ (c) Image courtesy of the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, Hohonu Moana 2016. https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1603/logs/mar2/mar2.html.
(6-3) A mass of tube worms bask in warm seawater near a black smoker spewing 400°C fluid at a depth of 2,250 metres. Image credit Verena Tunnicliffe.
(6-4) Remains of a whale fall in Monterey Canyon off the coast of California. Copyright © 2002 MBARI.
(6-5) Feather stars and soft corals living at a depth of about 1,200 metres on Davidson Seamount off the coast of California. NOAA/MBARI 2006.
(7-1) Typical pattern of intertidal zonation at low tide on a rocky shore in Washington State, USA. Bcasterline/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain.
(7-2) The division of the rocky intertidal into four “universal” zones.
(8-1) Scene at Grimsby fish market, UK in 1906. Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo.
(8-2) Bottom trawling: (a) Image courtesy of The Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch program. https://www.seafoodwatch.org/ocean-issues/fishing-and-farming-methods. (b) Photograph by Jeremy Prince.
(8-3) Major groups of commercial marine species.
(8-4) Trends in annual global marine capture fisheries production. Data from Pauly, D. & Zeller, D. (2016) Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nat. Commun. [Online]7:10244. Available from: doi: 10.1038/ncomms10244 [Accessed 17th January 2019]