ملاحظات
الفصل الأول: مقدِّمة إلى سلسلة الكتل:شبكة السكك الحديدية المرتقبة
(1)
Christensen, Clayton M. 1997. The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New
Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail.
Boston, MA: Harvard Business School
Press.
(2)
Shah, Rahul, et al. 2019. The Digital Banking and Tech
Revolution in EM. Tellimer.
https://insights.
tellimer.com/article/the-digital-banking-and-tech-revolution-inem.
Accessed 1 April
2020.
(3)
Mbele, Lerato. 2016. Why M-Pesa Failed in
South Africa. BBC Africa
Business Report, 11 May.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36260348.
Accessed 26 December
2018.
(4)
Chan, Connie. 2015. When One App Rules Them
All: The Case of WeChat and Mobile in China. Andreessen
Horowitz, 6 August.
https://a16z.com/2015/08/06/wechat-china-mobile-first/.
Accessed 12 February 2019.
(5)
For more details on the usage of mobile phones in the Indian
fishing industry, see
https://www.ictworks.org/surprise-fishermen-using-mobile-phones-for-market-prices-is-the-largest-lie-in-ict4d
and Steyn, Jacques. 2016. A Critique of the Claims about Mobile Phones
and Kerala Fisherman: The Importance of the Context of Complex Social
Systems. The Electronic Journal of Information
Systems in Developing Countries 74(3):
1–31.
(6)
International Finance Corporation.
2018. Digital Access: The
Future of Financial Inclusion in
Africa.
https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/region__ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sub-saharan+africa/resources/201805_report_digital-access-africa.
الفصل الثاني: الثقة هي الأهم
(1)
It should be noted that Rwanda, which has
focused for many years on improving its business
environment, scores 28.5, tying for best in the world
with the Netherlands, Taiwan, Singapore and
Lithuania.
الفصل الثالث: ما المشكلات التي تحلُّها سلسلة الكتل؟
(1)
Eha, Brian Patrick. 2016. You Don’t
Really Own Your Securities: Can Blockchain Fix That?
American
Banker, 27 July.
https://www.americanbanker.com/news/you-dont-really-own-your-securities-can-blockchains-fix-that.
Accessed 12 February 2019.
(2)
Levine, Matt. 2017. Dole Foods Had Too
Many Shares. Bloomberg, 17 February.
https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2017-02-17/dole-food-had-too-many-shares.
Accessed 22 February 2019.
(3)
For an overview of the theory of risk
homeostasis, see: Wilde, G.J.S. 1998. Risk
Homeostasis Theory: An Overview. Injury Prevention,
4.
(4)
Reason, J. 2016. Managing the Risks of
Organizational Accidents.
Routledge.
(5)
Wargo, D.T., N.A. Baglini, and K.A.
Nelson. 2010. The New Millennium’s First Global
Financial Crisis: The Neuroeconomics of Greed,
Self-Interest, Deception, False Trust,
Overconfidence and Risk Perception. Neuroeconomics
and the Firm, 78–98.
(6)
Greg Satell and Peter Hinssen discuss
the differing pace of fundamental and application
layer innovation in “The End of the Digital
Revolution,” an episode of the London Business
School Review podcast:
https://soundcloud.com/londonbusinessschool/the-end-of-the-digital-revolution-peter-hinssen.
(7)
To add further perspective, in 1993
when Paul worked on developing an early shopping
website just figuring out how to get the site to
remember what the person wanted to buy from the
beginning to end of the transaction was a
challenge.
الفصل الرابع: مَن المتحكِّم فعليًّا في سلسلة الكتل؟
(3)
A more detailed
discussion of who controls Bitcoin Core
can be found here:
https://blog.lopp.net/who-controls-bitcoin-core-/.
(4)
Even within the US, energy costs vary
widely, from US$0.10 per kilowatt hour in the
northern Midwest to over US$0.27 per kilowatt
hour in Alaska and Hawaii;
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_a.
Accessed 12 April 2019.
(5)
One of the more famous stories of lost
bitcoin is that of James Howells. He lost 7500
bitcoin (now worth over US$ 200 million) when
he threw away the hard drive he used to mine bitcoin
back in 2009:
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/27/hard-drive-bitcoin-landfill-site.
(6)
One of the more notable analyses of
circulating supply of bitcoin was done by Dhruv
Bansal of Unchained Capital:
https://blog.unchained-capital.com/bitcoin-data-science-pt-1-hodl-waves-7f3501d53f63.
(7)
This follows years of negative comments
by the bank’s CEO, Jamie Dimon: “In 2017 JPMorgan
CEO Jamie Dimon described bitcoin as a ‘fraud,’
‘stupid’ and ‘far too dangerous’ to people who
traded it.”
https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/14/investing/jpmorgan-jpm-coin-cryptocurrency/index.html.
Accessed 8 April 2019.
الفصل الخامس: جَني المال
(1)
For a brief overview of currency crises in
emerging markets, see Currency
Crises in Emerging Markets. 2015. Council
on Foreign Relations.
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/currency-crisesemerging-markets.
(2)
Jones, Claire, and James Shotter. 2016.
Banks Look for Cheap Way to Store Cash Piles as
Rates Go Negative. Financial
Times.
https://www.ft.com/content/e979d096-5fe3-11e6-b38c-7b39cbb1138a.
(3)
“Iceland Bank Failure: Which Councils
are Affected?” 2008. The
Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/oct/10/localgovernment-iceland.
الفصل السادس: أكثر من المال
(1)
Kagen, Matt, CEO of Epigraph, Author
Interview, 1 October 2019.
(2)
“The Economist versus the terrorist.”
2003. The
Economist, 20
January.
(3)
An example from the developed world
shows how important system design and security
is in property registration: Strava, a popular
app to share sports activity, allows cyclists to
post pictures of their bicycles and share
details of their rides. Given that many of the
rides start from the cyclist’s front door,
high-end bicycle thieves realized that they
could combine the pictures and the starting
points of shared routes to create a database of
high-end bicycles and their locations ready to
be stolen. See: https://news.sky.com/story/cyclists-warned-to-beware-sharing-data-on-ride-tracking-apps-11273754.
(5)
Moon, S., and T. Williamson. 2010.
Greater Aid Transparency: Crucial for Aid
Effectiveness. ODI Project
Brief No. 35. London: ODI.
https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publicationsopinion-files/5722.pdf
and Ramkumar, V., and P. De Renzio. 2009. Improving Budget Transparency and
Accountability in Aid Dependent Countries: How
Can Donors Help. Washington, DC:
International Budget
Partnership.
(6)
See Kenny, C.
Results Not Receipts: Counting the Right Things
in Corruption for an interesting
discussion of the relative importance of corruption
in aid.
(8)
Hawkins, Robert, Senior Education
& Technology Policy Specialist and Global
Lead for Technology and Innovation in Education at
The World Bank, Author Interview, 22 October
2019.
(10)
Hawkins, Robert, Senior Education
& Technology Policy Specialist and Global
Lead for Technology and Innovation in Education at
The World Bank, Author Interview, 22 October
2019.
(11)
For a discussion of the problem of aid
coordination, see Bourguignon, F., and J.P.
Platteau. 2015. The Hard Challenge of Aid
Coordination. World
Development, 69,
May.
(12)
This paraphrases a discussion had under
the Chatham House Rule.
(13)
Quadri, Aman, CEO of Amchart, author
interview 8 October 2019.
(14)
For an example of how Saddam Hussein
used division to maintain his power base in Iraq,
see Quinlivan, J. 1999. Coup-proofing: Its Practices
and Consequences. International Security 24 (2,
Fall).
(16)
World Economic
Outlook. 2019. IMF.
April.
(17)
STR survey, cited at
https://www.iol.co.za/travel/africa/addis-ababa-has-the-most-expensivehotel-rooms-in-africa-survey-reveals-30485954.
(18)
For a review of this literate, see
Locke, Anna. 2013. Property Rights and Development
Briefing: Property Rights and Economic Growth.
London: ODI. Accessed 19 August
2019.
(19)
“The Economist Versus the Terrorist.”
2003. The Economist, 20
January.
(20)
“India Economy Profile.” 2020.
Doing Business in
2020. World Bank.
https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/india#.
الفصل السابع: الانفتاح التجاري
(1)
Ramjiawan, Bram, Angela Ramjiawan,
Paramjit Tappia, and Grant Pierce. 2012. Public
Health Risks and Economic Impact of Counterfeit
Medicines. NATO Science for Peace and Security
Series C: Environmental Security 122: 203–212.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2953-7_18.
(2)
Information is based on WHO data and
interviews with Adham Yehia and Chibuzo Opara by the
authors and journalist Amy
Fallon.
(4)
Kacungira, N. 2018. Fighting the
Vanilla Thieves of Madagascar. London: BBC News.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/madagascar_vanillla.
(5)
See, for example, Bernhardt, T. 2016.
South-South Trade and South-North Trade: Which
Contributes More to Development in Asia and South
America? Insights from Estimating Income
Elasticities of Import Demand. CEPAL Review 118 (118):
97–114, April 2016 and Athukorala, P. 2011.
South-South Trade: An Asian Perspective. Asian Development Bank Economics
Working Paper Series, No. 265.
Manila: Asian Development
Bank.
(6)
World Bank. 2019. Doing Business 2019.
https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploretopics/trading-across-borders.
(7)
XL Catlin. Global Credit Insurance Monitor
2017.
الفصل الثامن: سيناريو الرهان الكبير في مقابل سيناريو الشيطان الذي تعرفه
(1)
While smartphone penetration is growing rapidly in
sub-Saharan Africa, it still stood at only 33% in 2018, with much lower
levels in some countries
(http://www.itwebafrica.com/mobilex/320-south-africa/244990-sub-saharan-africas-smartphone-penetration-at-33).
Levels in South Asia can be even lower,
at 34% in Pakistan
(
https://www.statista.com/statistics/671542/smartphone-penetration-as-shareof-connections-in-pakistan/)
and 24% in India
(https://venturebeat.com/2019/02/05/pew-south-korea-has-the-worlds-highest-smartphone-ownership-rate/).
(2)
World Bank data, LocalBitcoins.com and
author analysis.
