الملاحظات
تمهيد
(1)
Deinstitutionalization: Lamb, R. H. “Improving Our Public
Mental Health Systems.” Archives of General
Psychiatry, 1989, 4(6), 743-744; Bachrach, L. L. An Overview of Deinstitutionalization. New
Directions for Mental Health Services. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993;
Johnson, A. B. Out of Bedlam: The Truth About
Deinstitutionalization. New York: Basic Books, 1991; and
Shenson, D., Dubler, N., and Michaels, D. “Jails and Prisons: The New
Asylums?” American Journal of Public
Health, 1990, 80(6), 655-656.
(2)
Willie’s story: Corcoran, Kevin. “Sick Justice.”
The Times (Munster, Indiana),
September 14, 1997.
(3)
Prisons contain (statistics): U.S. Department of Justice,
Bureau of Justice Statistics. “Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics,”
online at http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook, 1996; Donziger,
S. R. (ed.). The Real War on Crime: The Report of
the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: Harper
Perennial, 1996.
(4)
Rate of second arrests: Tonry, M. “President Clinton, Mandatory
Minimums, and Disaffirmative Action.” Tikkun, Nov./Dec., 1997.
(5)
“Replacement effect”: Hagan, J. “The Imprisoned Society: Time
Turns a Classic on Its Head.” Sociological
Forum, 1995, 10(3), 519–525.
(6)
Comparison of crime and imprisonment rates in the fifty states:
Irwin, J., and Austin, J. It’s About Time: America’s
Imprisonment Binge. Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1994; and
Selke, W. L. Prisons in Crisis.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
الجزء الأول: أزمة الصحة العقلية
الفصل الأول: المصابون بأمراض عقلية خلف القضبان
(1)
The prevalence of mental disorders: Steadman, H. J.,
Monahan, J., Harstone, E., et. al. “Mentally Disordered Offenders: A
National Survey of Patients and Facilities.” Law and Human Behavior, 1982, 6, 31–38; Smith, R.
“How Many Mentally Abnormal Prisoners?” British Medical Journal, 1984, 288, 309–313; Norman
& Cotton Associates, Young and Standard Consulting
Corporation. Current Description,
Evaluation, and Recommendations for Treatment of Mentally
Disordered Criminal Offenders: Vol. 1, Introduction and Prevalence (The Stirling
Report). Sacramento: California Department of
Corrections, Health Care Services, 1987; Teplin, L. A. “The
Prevalence of Severe Mental Disorder Among Male Urban Jail
Detainees: Comparison with the Epidemiologic Catchment Area
Program.” American Journal of Public
Health, 1990, 80(6), 663–669; Hodgins, S. “Assessing
Mental Disorder in the Criminal Justice System: Feasibility Versus
Clinical Accuracy.” International Journal of
Law and Psychiatry, 1995, 8(1), 15–28; Jemelka, R.,
Trupin, E., and Chiles, J. A. “The Mentally Ill in Prisons: A
Review.” Hospital and Community
Psychiatry, 1989, 40(5), 481–491; Cote, G., and
Hodgins, S. “Co-occurring Mental Disorders Among Criminal
Offenders.” Bulletin American Academy of
Psychiatry and Law, 1990, 8(3), 271–281; Lamb, H. R.,
and Weinberger, L. E. “Persons with Severe Mental Illness in Jails
and Prisons: A Review.” Psychiatric
Services, 1998, 49(4),
483–492.
(2)
Breakdowns during incarceration: Toch, H. Mosaic of Despair: Human Breakdowns in
Prison. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological
Association, 1975, 1992; Cohen, S., and Taylor, L. Psychological Survival: The Experience of
Long-Term Imprisonment. New York: Vintage,
1974.
(3)
Aaron’s story: “Inmate’s Condition
Deteriorates as Push for Appeal Drags On.” Houston Chronicle, June 29,
1997.
(4)
Women Prisoners (statistics): Bureau of Justice
Statistics. Women in Prison: Survey of
State Prison Inmates. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of
Justice Statistics, 1991; E. Rosenblatt (ed.). Criminal Injustice: Confronting the Prison
Crisis. Boston: South End Press, 1996, pp.
130–135.
(5)
Testify: Kupers, T. Testimony in Gates v. Deukmejian, No. CIV. 2–87–1636–LKK. Reporter’s
Transcript of Proceedings, October 23, 1989, pp.
160-161.
(6)
Goffman, E., Asylums. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1961;
Scheff, T. Being Mentally Ill: A
Sociological Theory. Chicago: Aldine,
1966.
الفصل الثاني: لماذا يُصاب الكثير من السجناء باضطرابات عقلية؟
(1)
Early childhood trauma: Amaya-Jackson, L., and March, J. S.
“Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
America, Vol. 2: Anxiety, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993, 639–654; Bell,
C., and Jenkins, E. “Traumatic Stress and Children in Danger.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and
Underserved, 1991, 2, 175–185; Breslau, N., Davis, G. C.,
Andreski, P., and Peterson, E. “Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder in an Urban Population of Young Adults.” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1991, 48,
216–222; Burton, D., Foy, D., Bwanausi, C., Johnson, J., and Moore,
L. “The Relationship Between Traumatic Exposure, Family Dysfunction, and
Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Male Juvenile Offenders.” Journal of Trauma Stress, 1994, 7, 83–93;
Cooley-Quille, M., Turner, S., and Beidel, D. “Emotional Impact of
Children’s Exposure to Community Violence: A Preliminary Study.”
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 1995, 34, 1362–1368; Garbarino,
J., Kosteiny, K., and Dubrow, N. No Place to Be
a Child. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991; Shakoor, and
Debora, C. “Co-Victimization of African-American Children Who Witness
Violence: Effects on Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Development.”
Journal of the National Medical
Association, 1991, 83, 233–238.
(2)
Massachusetts study: Delinquent Youth and Family Violence: A Study of Abuse and
Neglect in the Homes of Serious Juvenile
Offenders. Common wealth of Massachusetts.
Boston, Department of Youth Services,
1985.
(3)
Link between trauma and criminal behavior: Collins,
J., and Bailey, S. “Traumatic Stress Disorder and Violent
Behavior.” Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 1990, 3(2), 203–220; Steiner, H., Garcia,
I. G., and Matthews, Z. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in
Incarcerated Juvenile Delinquents.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 1997, 36(3), 357–365; Kupers, T. A.
“Trauma and Its Sequelae in Male Prisoners: Effects of
Confinement, Overcrowding, and Diminished Services.” American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 1996, 66(2),
189–196.
(4)
Crowding: Calhoun, J. “Population Density and Social
Pathology.” Science, 1962, 206,
139–148; D’Atri, D. “Psychophysiological Responses to Crowding.”
Environment and Behavior,
1975, 7, 237–251; Ekland-Olson, S. “Crowding, Social Control, and
Prison Violence: Evidence from the Post-Ruiz Years in Texas.”
Law and Society Review, 1986,
20, 289–421; Paulus, P. B., McCain, G., and Cox, V. C. “Death Rates,
Psychiatric Commitments, Blood Pressure, and Perceived Crowding as a
Function of Institutional Crowding.” Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior,
1978, 3, 107–117; Thomberry, T., and Call, J. “Constitutional
Challenges to Prison Overcrowding: The Scientific Evidence of
Harmful Effects.” Hastings Law
Journal, 1983, 35, 313–353.
(5)
The SHU Syndrome: Grassian, S. “Psychopathological
Effects of Solitary Confinement.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 1983, 140(11), 1450–1454; Grassian, S.,
and Friedman, N. “Effects of Sensory Deprivation in Psychiatric
Seclusion and Solitary Confinement.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry,
1986, 8, 49–65; Hodgins, S., and Cote, G. “The Mental Health of
Penitentiary Inmates in Isolation.” Canadian Journal of Criminology, 1991,
175–182.
(6)
Women housed in supermaximum control units: Korn,
R. Excerpts from a report on the effects of confinement in the
Lexington High Security Unit. In Churchill, W., and Vander Wall,
J. J. (eds.). Cages of Steel: The
Politics of Imprisonment in the United States.
Washington, D.C.: Maisonneuve Press, 1992, pp.
123–127.
(7)
40 percent are functionally illiterate: The Center
on Crime, Communities, and Culture. “Education as Crime
Prevention.” Research Brief, Occasional
Paper Series, September 1997, Vol. 2. New York:
Center on Crime, Communities, and Culture (888 Seventh Ave., NY,
NY 10106).
الفصل الثالث: فشل برامج الصحة العقلية الحالية
(1)
Declaration: Kupers, T. Coleman v.
Wilson, No. CIV S 90–0520 LKK-JFM, February 16, 1993.
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of California, Ninth
Circuit.
(2)
Standards: National Commission on Correctional
Health Care. Standards for Health
Services in Prisons. Chicago: National Commission
on Correctional Health Care, 1997; American Psychiatric
Association, Psychiatric Services in
Jails and Prisons. APA Task Force Report.
Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1989;
American Public Health Association, Standards for Health Services in Prisons. Washington, D.C.: USPHA,
1986.
(3)
Suicide: Smialek, J., and Spitz, W. “Death Behind
Bars.” Journal of the American Medical
Association, 1978, 240,
256370-256371.
(4)
Burnout: Maslach, C., and Leiter, M. P. The Truth About Burnout: How Organizations
Cause Personal Stress and What to Do About It.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.
الجزء الثاني: ما يحدث خلف القضبان
الفصل الرابع: العُنصريَّة: خطر يهدد الصحة العقلية
(1)
Racial disparity in sentencing: Petersilia, J. “Racial
Disparities in the Criminal Justice System.” Prepared for the
National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice
(R-2947-NIC), by the Rand Corporation, 1983; Mauer, M. “Young Black
Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later.”
Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 1995; Donziger, S. (Ed).
The Real War on Crime: The Report of the
National Criminal Justice Commission. New York:
Harper/Collins, 1996; Miller, J. G. Search
and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice
System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996;
Davidson, J. “Caged Cargo: African-Americans Are Grist for the
Fast-Growing Prison Industry’s Money Mill.” Emerge, October, 1997, 36–46.
(2)
Human Rights Watch team: Human Rights Watch
Cold Storage: Super-Maximum Security
Confinement in Indiana. New York: Human Rights
Watch, 1997.
(3)
Prison gang-containment policies: Kassel, P. The
Gang Crackdown in Massachusetts’ Prisons: Arbitrary and Harsh
Treatment Can Only Make Matters Worse. New England Journal on Criminal and Civil
Confinement, 1998, 24, 1,
37–63.
(4)
One inmate gladiator: Weinstein, C. “Brutality at
Corcoran.” Prison Focus,
1997, 1(1), 4-5.
(5)
Lease black convicts: Oshinsky, D. M. Worse Than Slavery:
Parchman Farm and the Ordeal
of Jim Crow Justice. New York: The Free Press,
1996.
(6)
O’Neil Stough. Personal communication,
1997.
(7)
California study: cited in Donziger (1996), p.
120.
الفصل الخامس: مشكلات خاصة بالنساء
(1)
Reasons they are incarcerated (statistics): Bureau of Justice
Statistics. Women in Prison: Survey of State Prison
Inmates. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics,
1991; E. Rosenblatt (ed.). Criminal Injustice:
Confronting the Prison Crisis. Boston: South End Press, 1996,
pp. 130–135; Bloom, B. “Tracking the Population Explosion.” The Women’s Review of Books, 1997, 14(10-11),
7.
(2)
Depression in women prisoners: Velimesis, M. L. “Sex Roles and
Mental Health of Women in Prison.” Professional
Psychology, 1981, 12(1), 128–135; Policy Research Associates.
“The Mental Health Services Needs of Women in the Criminal Justice System.”
Report to the National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C., October,
1994.
(3)
Geraldine: “Breaking the Cycle: Two Ex-Convicts Talk
about Life In and Out of Prison.” The Women’s Review of
Books, 1997, 14(10-11), 12-13.
(4)
Bentham’s “Panopticon”: Foucault, M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the
Prison. New York: Pantheon,
1977.
(5)
Complex PTSD: Herman, J. Trauma
and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—from Domestic Abuse to
Political Terror. New York: Basic Books,
1992.
الفصل السادس: الاغتصاب واضطراب توتر ما بعد الصدمة
(1)
The incidence of rape among men: Lockwood, D. Prison Sexual Violence. New York: Elsevier
North Holland, Inc., 1980; Stuckman-Johnson, S., et. al. (1996). “Sexual
Coercion Reported by Men and Women in Prison.” The
Journal of Sex Research, 33(1), 67–76.
(2)
The incidence of rape of women prisoners: Human Rights Watch.
“Sexual Abuse of Women Prisoners in the U.S.” In The
Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women’s Human Rights. New
York: Human Rights Watch, 1995, pp. 156–182; Human Rights Watch. All Too Familiar: Sexual Abuse of Women in U.S. State
Prisons. New York: Human Rights Watch,
1996.
(3)
Suffolk County incident: Hodges, M. “Prison Rape.”
Out, March,
1998.
(4)
James Dunn story: Rideau, W. “The Sexual
Jungle.” In W. Rideau and R. Wikberg (eds.), Life Sentences: Rage and Survival Behind
Bars. New York: Times Books, 1992, pp.
73–107.
(5)
Stop Prisoner Rape: Donaldson, D. Op-Ed: “The Rape
Crisis Behind Bars.” New York
Times, December 1993. Or contact Stop Prisoner Rape,
P.O. Box 286, Village Station, New York, NY
10014.
(6)
Zelda’s story: Human Rights Watch. “Sexual Abuse of
Women Prisoners in the U.S. in The Human
Rights Watch Global Report on Women’s Human
Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1995, p.
165.
(7)
Dublin, California incident: San
Francisco Examiner, September 29,
1996.
(8)
HIV and AIDS: Braithwaite, R. L., Hammett, T. M., and
Mayberry, R. M. Prisons and AIDS: A Public
Health Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996;
Polych, C. “Punishment within Punishment: The AIDS Epidemic in North
American Prisons.” Men’s Studies
Review, 1992, 9, 13–17.
الفصل السابع: ضعف التواصل مع الأحباء
(1)
Research shows that continuous contact: Holt, N., and Miller,
D. Explorations in Inmate-Family
Relationships. Sacramento: California Department of
Corrections, Research Report No. 46; 1972; Jorgensen, J. D., Hernandez, S.
H., and Warren, R. C. “Addressing the Social Needs of Families of Prisoners:
A Tool for Inmate Rehabilitation.” Federal
Probation, 1986, 38, 47–52.
(2)
Research involving visitation and recidivism: Holt, N.,
and Miller, D. Explorations in Inmate-Family
Relationships. Sacramento: California Department of
Corrections, Research Report No. 46; 1972; Kupers, T. “Contact
Between the Bars: A Rationale for Consultation in Prisons.”
Urban Health, 1976, 5,
38-39.
(3)
California’s Family Visiting Program: Glaser, D.
Preparing Convicts for Law-Abiding
Lives: The Pioneering Penology of Richard A. McGee.
Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1995, pp.
71–74.
(4)
Bus therapy: Martin, D. M. and Sussman, P. Y. Committing
Journalism: The Prison Writings
of Red Hog. New York: Norton,
1993.
(5)
A prisoner and his mother: Transcript of trial
(November 10, 1983, pp. 435–548), Toussaint v. McCarthy, 597 F. Supp. 1388, 1393,
Ninth Circuit, 1984.
الفصل الثامن: الانتحار في السجون
(1)
Suicide in jails: Smialek, J., and Spitz, W. “Death
Behind Bars.” Journal of the American
Medical Association, 1978, 240, 256370-256371; Hayes,
L., and Kajdan, B. Final Report to the
National Institute of
Corrections on the National
Study of Jail Suicides. Washington, D.C.: The
National Center on Institutions and Alternatives, 1981; Hayes, L.
“National Study of Jail Suicides: Seven Years Later.” Psychiatric Quarterly, 1989, 60(1),
Spring; Hayes, L. Prison Suicide: An
Overview and Guide to Prevention. Washington, D.C.:
National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, June,
1995; B. Danto (ed.). Jail House
Blues. Orchard Lake, Michigan: Epic Publications,
1973.
(2)
Suicide in prisons: Hayes, L. Prison Suicide: An Overview and Guide to Prevention.
Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department
of Justice, grant No. 93P01GHU1, June, 1995; Liebling, A. Suicides in Prison. London: Routledge,
1992.
الجزء الثالث: مُقترَح جريء
الفصل التاسع: إمكانية مقاضاة السجون وحدود ذلك
(1)
Frank “Big Black” Smith’s case: Prison Legal News, November,
1997.
(2)
Research on institutional dynamics: Haney, C.,
Banks, C., and Zimbardo, P. G. “Interpersonal Dynamics in a
Simulated Prison.” International Journal
of Criminology and Penology, 1973, 1,
69–97.
(3)
Indiana’s Maximum Control Facility: Human Rights
Watch, Cold Storage: Super-Maximum
Security Confinement in Indiana. New York: Human
Rights Watch, 1997.
الفصل العاشر: توصيات للعلاج وإعادة التأهيل
(1)
Minimum standards for correctional health care:
National Commission on Correctional Health Care. Standards for Health Services in
Prisons. Chicago: National Commission on
Correctional Health Care, 1997; American Psychiatric
Association, Psychiatric Services in
Jails and Prisons. APA Task Force Report.
Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1989;
American Public Health Association. Standards for Health Services in Prisons.
Washington, D.C.: USPHA, 1986.
(2)
“Written policy and defined procedures …”: National
Commission on Correctional Health Care. Standards for Health Services in Prisons.
Chicago: National Commission on Correctional Health Care, 1997,
p. 38.
(3)
We know how to prevent suicides: Hayes, L.
Prison Suicide: An Overview and
Guide to Prevention. Washington, D.C.: National
Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, grant No.
93P01GHU1, June, 1995.
(4)
Psychiatric Rehabilitation Programs: Anthony, W.
A., and Liberman, R. P. “The Practice of Psychiatric
Rehabilitation: Historical, Conceptual, and Research Base.”
Schizophrenia Bulletin,
1986, 12(4), 542–559.
(5)
Hans Toch’s term for these felons: “Disturbed,
Disruptive”: Toch, H. Corrections: A
Humanistic Approach. Guilderland, New York:
Harrow and Heston, 1997.
(6)
The presence of serious education programs in
prison: The Center on Crime, Communities and Culture. Education as Crime Prevention.
Research Brief, Occasional Paper Series, Vol. 2, 888 Seventh
Ave., New York, New York 10106, September, 1997; Siegel, G. R.
“A Research Study to Determine the Effect of Literacy and
General Educational Development Programs on Adult Offenders on
Probation.” Tucson, Arizona: Adult Probation Department for the
Superior Court in Pima County, 1997; Molitor, G. T. “Should
Prison Inmates Receive Education Benefits?” On the Horizon, 1994, 2(3),
9-10.
(7)
The efficacy of general prison rehabilitation
programs: Martinson, R. “What Works? Questions and Answers About
Prison Reform.” Public
Interest, 1974, 3(5), 22–54; Martinson, R. “New
Findings, New Views: A Note of Caution Regarding Sentencing
Reform.” Hofstra Law Review,
1979, 7(2), 243–258; Gendreau, P., and Ross, R. “Effective
Correctional Treatment: Bibliotherapy for Cynics.” Crime and Delinquency, 1979, 25,
463–489, 1979; Palmer, T. “The Effectiveness of Intervention:
Recent Trends and Current Issues.” Crime
and Delinquency, 1991, 37(3),
330–346.
(8)
Dr. Lige Dailey: Dailey, L. “Re-entry: Prospects
for Postrelease Success.” In D. Sabo, T. Kupers, and W. London
(eds.), Confronting Prison
Masculinities: The Gendered Politics of
Punishment. Philadelphia: Temple University
Press, 1999, forthcoming.
(9)
Create smaller facilities: Many people have
suggested this concept, but Steve Martin was the first to
explain to me its benefits (Personal
communication).
(10)
The National Criminal Justice Commission: see Donziger
(1996); Irwin and Austin (1994); Jerome Miller
(1996).
(11)
Create alternatives for offenders: National
Coalition for Mental and Substance Abuse Health Care in the
Justice System. Community Corrections in
America: New Directions and Sounder Investments for Persons
with Mental Illness and Codisorders. Seattle,
Washington: The National Coalition for Mental and Substance
Abuse Health Care in the Justice System, 1905 Seventh Ave. West,
March, 1996.
(12)
Kathy Boudin. “Lessons from a Mother’s Program in
Prison: A Psychosocial Approach Supports Women and Their
Children.” Women and Therapy,
1998, 21(1), 103–126.
(13)
Santa Cruz Women’s Project: Karlene Faith. “The
Politics of Confinement and Resistance.” In Rosenblatt, E.
(ed.). Criminal Injustice: Confronting
the Prison Crisis. Boston: South End Press, pp.
165–183.
(14)
Washington State Department of Corrections: Lovell,
D., Rhodes, L., Dunnington, D., and Wilson, T. “Mobile
Consultation: Sowing New Seeds in the Prison Culture.” In Allen,
D., (ed.). Correctional Mental Health
Collaboration. Seattle, Washington: University of
Washington Correctional Mental Health Collaboration,
1995.
(15)
Worldwide Models: reviewed in Selke, W. I.
Prisons in Crisis.
Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press,
1993.
الفصل الحادي عشر: وَهْم القانون والنظام
(1)
“The great secret …”: Menninger, K. The Crime of Punishment. New York:
Viking, 1966, p. 190.
(2)
Prison-Industrial Complex: Donziger, S. (ed.).
The Real War on Crime: The Report of the
National Criminal Justice Commission. New York:
Harper/Collins, 1996; Miller, J. G. Search
and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice
System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996;
Davis, Angela Y. “Race, Gender, and Prison History: From the Convict
Lease System to the Supermax Prison.” In D. Sabo, T. Kupers, and W.
London (eds.), Confronting Prison
Masculinities: The Gendered Politics of Punishment.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999,
forthcoming.
(3)
Private prison corporations: Silverstein,
K. “America’s Private Gulag.” Prison Legal News, 1997, 8(6), 1–4; and
Bates, E. “Private Prisons.” The
Nation, January 5, 1998,
11–18.
(4)
For-profit companies that utilize prisoner
labor: Parenti, C. “Making Prisons Pay.” The Nation, January 29,
1996, 11–14.
(5)
The economic disaster does not end there: See Donziger
(1996).
(6)
Young, A. In The Fire This
Time. A film by Randy Holland. Los Angeles: Blacktop
Films, 1994.
(7)
Researchers at Rand Corporation: Greenwood, P. W. Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring
Costs and Benefits. Santa Monica, California: Rand
Corporation, 1996.
