قراءات إضافية
أعمال هيجل
The standard German edition of Hegel’s collected works is the
twenty-volume Jubilee Edition, edited by H. Glockner and published in Stuttgart
from 1927 to 1930. For the English-speaking reader wondering where to begin
reading Hegel’s own works, I would recommend following the order of the works
discussed in this book. English translations of these works are:
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Lectures on the Philosophy of History, tr. J. Sibree (Dover, New York, 1956). The introduction to these lectures is available separately, as Reason in History: A General Introduction to the Philosophy of History, tr. R. S. Hartman (Library of Liberal Arts, New York, 1953), and as Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in History, tr. H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1975). The latter edition contains additional scholarly material.
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Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, tr. T. M. Knox (Oxford University Press, London, 1967).
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The Phenomenology of Mind, tr. J. B. Baillie (Harper & Row, New York, 1967). There is also a more recent and, in the view of many, more reliable translation by A. V. Miller, entitled Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1977).
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Hegel’s Science of Logic, tr. W. H. Johnston and L. G. Struthers in two volumes (Allen & Unwin, London, 1929); also more recently translated by A. V. Miller (Allen & Unwin, London, 1969).
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Probably the most important of Hegel’s other works is his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences. This work has been published in English in its separate components. The section on logic, sometimes called the ‘Lesser Logic’, was translated by W. Wallace and published under the confusing title The Logic of Hegel (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1874). There is another edition, with a foreword by J. N. Findlay (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975). The second part is available as Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature, tr. A. V. Miller (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1970) and also in a translation by M. J. Petry (Allen & Unwin, London, 1970). Wallace’s original translation of Hegel’s Philosophy of Mind (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1894) has been republished, together with additional material translated by A. V. Miller (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971).
English translations of Hegel’s other writings are:
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Early Theological Writings, tr. T. M. Knox (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1948). This volume contains the earliest of Hegel’s surviving works.
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Hegel’s Political Writings, tr. T. M. Knox (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964). Hegel’s occasional political essays, such as that on the English Reform Bill, are collected here.
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Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, tr. E. B. Speirs and J. B. Sanderson, in three volumes (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1968).
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Hegel’s Aesthetics, tr. T. M. Knox, in two volumes (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975).
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Lectures on the History of Philosophy, tr. E. S. Haldane and F. H. Simson, in three volumes (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1955).
For a convenient selection of Hegel’s writings, with an extensive
bibliography, see The Hegel Reader by Georg
Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, edited by Stephen Houlgate (Blackwell, Oxford,
1998).
مؤلفات عن هيجل
For readers wishing for further guidance, I would recommend Richard
Norman’s slim and stimulating volume, Hegel’s
Phenomenology: A Philosophical Introduction (Sussex University
Press, Brighton, 1976). Next could come Ivan Soll, An
Introduction to Hegel’s Metaphysics (University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, 1969). After that one might move on to the shorter of Charles Taylor’s
two books on Hegel, Hegel and Modern Society
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979), or, if one is ready for it, to
the much longer and more difficult Hegel
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1975). For a detailed study of Hegel’s
Phenomenology, see Robert Solomon,
In the Spirit of Hegel: A Study of Hegel’s
Phenomenology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1983); H. S.
Harris, Hegel’s Ladder: A Commentary on Hegel’s
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hackett, Indianapolis, 1995); and
Michael N. Forster, Hegel’s Idea of a Phenomenology of
Spirit (University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
1998).
On Hegel’s life, see Hegel: A
Biography by Terry P. Pinkard (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2000). The two volumes Hegel’s Development:
Towards the Sunlight, 1770–1801 and Hegel’s Development: Night Thoughts (Jena 1801–1806) by H. S.
Harris (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972, 1983) is a fine study of Hegel’s early
years. The influential work by George Lukacs, The Young
Hegel, is available in an English translation by R. Livingstone
(Merlin Press, London, 1975).
Tom Rockmore puts Hegel’s theory of knowledge into its historical
context in Before and After Hegel: A Historical
Introduction to Hegel’s Thought (University of California,
Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993). Older, but still useful works are: Edward
Caird, Hegel (Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1901);
Benedetto Croce, What is Living and What is Dead in the
Philosophy of Hegel?, tr. D. Ainslie (Russell & Russell, New
York, 1969); W. T. Stace, The Philosophy of
Hegel (Dover, New York, 1955); and J. N. Findlay, Hegel: A Re-examination (Allen & Unwin,
London, 1958).
Among notable books on Hegel’s social and political ideas are:
Herbert Marcuse, Reason and Revolution
(Humanities Press, New York, 1954); Shlomo Avineri, Hegel’s Theory of the Modern State (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1972); Raymond Plant, Hegel (Allen
& Unwin, London, 1973); and Judith Shklar, Freedom
and Independence: A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology
of Mind’ (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976). Some
heated exchanges over the extent to which Hegel’s philosophy supports the
authoritarian state have been collected by Walter Kaufmann in a volume entitled
Hegel’s Political Philosophy (Atherton
Press, New York, 1970). There is also a collection of articles edited by Z.
Pelczynski, entitled Hegel’s Political
Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1971). Alan
Patten’s Hegel’s Idea of Freedom (Oxford
University Press, New York, 1999) gives an accessible account of Hegel’s social
and political philosophy. Together with this one might read—though with
considerable caution—Karl Popper’s provocative attempt to find the origins of
totalitarianism in Hegel’s thought: see The Open Society
and Its Enemies, vol. II, chapter 12 (Routledge & Kegan
Paul, London, 1966).
For further study of the religious aspect of Hegel’s thought, see
Emil Fackenheim, The Religious Dimension of Hegel’s
Thought (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1967), and
Bernard Reardon, Hegel’s Philosophy of
Religion (Macmillan, London, 1977). See also Robert C.
Whittemore’s article, ‘Hegel as Panentheist’ in Tulane
Studies in Philosophy, vol. IX (1960), pp. 134–64. This volume is
a special issue on Hegel.
There are innumerable scholarly articles on Hegel in the
philosophical journals. Some of the best have been collected in Alasdair
MacIntyre (ed.), Hegel: A Collection of Critical
Essays (Anchor, New York, 1972). The
Cambridge Companion to Hegel, edited by Frederick C. Beiser
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993) is useful for the serious student
of Hegel.
Finally, the various transformations of Hegel’s thought by the Young
Hegelians are well described in Sidney Hook, From Hegel
to Marx (Humanities Press, New York, 1958), and also in David
McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx
(Macmillan, London, 1969).