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(1-1) The typical shapes of s-, p-, d-, and
f-orbitals
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(1-2) The variation in atomic radius across the Periodic
Table
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(1-3) The structure of sodium chloride
(NaCl)
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(1-4) The bonding and antibonding orbitals in a two-atom
molecule
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(2-1) Work is a mode of transfer that is equivalent to
raising a weight; heat is a mode of transfer that results from a
temperature difference
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(2-2) Entropy is a measure of
“disorder”
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(2-3) A reaction is spontaneous in the direction of
decreasing Gibbs energy
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(3-1) The Boltzmann distribution for a series of
temperatures
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(3-2) The role of mixing in the determination of the
equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture
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(3-3) (a) At a given temperature there is a Boltzmann
distribution over the states of the reactants and products; (b) when the
temperature is raised in this exothermic reaction, more of the
higher-energy reactant states are occupied, corresponding to a shift in
equilibrium in favour of the reactants
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(4-1) The perfect gas equation of state summarizes the
allowed states of a perfect gas, a gas in which the molecules neither
attract nor repel each other
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(4-2) When the gas molecules do interact with one another,
the pressure depends on the volume in a more complicated way than is
shown in Figure (4-1)
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(4-3) The “Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of speeds” shows
the fraction of molecules having a given speed at a specified
temperature and can be used to calculate the mean speed of the
molecules
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(4-4) A depiction of the structure of a liquid composed of
spherical molecules
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(4-5) There are two ways of packing identical uncharged
spheres together, one gives a “cubic” arrangement and the other gives a
“hexagonal” arrangement
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(4-6) In one form of a liquid crystal (the 'nematic' phase)
molecules lie in orderly ranks in each plane but neighbouring planes
adopt different orientations
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(5-1) Three stages in the events resulting in
boiling
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(5-2) A phase diagram, in this case of water, showing the
regions of pressure and temperature where each phase is the most
stable
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(5-3) A simple explanation of Henry's law is that at
equilibrium the rate at which gas molecules strike the surface of a
liquid and penetrate into its bulk matches the rate at which those
already present leave
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(5-4) The effect of a solute on the boiling point of a
solvent
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(6-1) The activation energy is the minimum energy required
for reaction and can be interpreted as the height of a barrier between
the reactants and products: only molecules with at least the activation
energy can pass over it
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(6-2) A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway
with a low activation energy
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(6-3) In an electrochemical cell, the sites of oxidation
(electron loss) and reduction (electron gain) are separated, and as the
spontaneous reaction proceeds electrons travel from one electrode to the
other
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(7-1) The basic process in NMR is to tune the separation of
the two energy levels of a proton in a magnetic field to the frequency
of a radiofrequency field
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(7-2) The process occurring at the tip of a scanning
tunnelling microscope: the flow of current across the gap is highly
sensitive to the width of the gap, and even atom-scale variation can be
detected
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(7-3) A typical STM scan, showing individual atoms on a
surface
The true structure by Dr. Ruslan Temtrov. Forschungszentrum
Juelich (Germany), finalist of the SMPAGE contest 2009 edition
(http://www.Icmm.cstc.es/spmage)
