ملاحظات
تمهيد
(1)
Owen Gingerich, ‘Foreword’, in G. J. Toomer (trans.), Ptolemy,
Ptolemy’s Almagest (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1998), p. ix.
الفصل الأول: الاختفاء الكبير
(1)
Robert Graves (trans.), Suetonius, The
Twelve Caesars (London: Penguin Books, 1957), Dom.
20.
(2)
Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: How the
Renaissance Began (London: Bodley Head, 2011), p.
106.
(3)
Choricius, Laudatio Marciani Secunda
9, quoted in Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-perkins &
Michael Whitby (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History,
Volume XIV (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.
867.
(4)
Horace Leonard Jones (trans.), Strabo, Geography (London: Heinemann, 1932 (Loeb Edition)),
13.1.54.
(5)
Helmut Koester, Pergamon: Citadel of
the Gods (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press
International, 1998), p. 346.
(6)
Baynard Dodge (ed.), The Fihrist of
al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1970), p. 585.
الفصل الثاني: الإسكندرية
(1)
Horace Leonard Jones (trans.), Strabo, Geography (London: Heinemann, 1932 (Loeb Edition)), 17.
793-4.
(2)
Timon of Phlius, quoted in Roy Macleod (ed.), The Library of Alexandria: Centre of Learning in the
Ancient World (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), p.
62.
(3)
P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic
Alexandria (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p.
133.
(4)
R. Netz, ‘Greek Mathematicians: A Group Picture’, in C. J.
Tuplin & T. E. Rihll (eds), Science and
Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2002), p. 204.
(5)
Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, ‘Euclid’, Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Detroit: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 2008), p. 415. Hereafter referred to as
DSB.
(6)
Ibid.
(7)
The first two definitions in Book I, Sir Thomas L. Heath
(trans.), Euclid, The Thirteen Books of The
Elements (New York: Dover Publications, 1956), p.
153.
(8)
Reviel Netz, ‘The Exact Sciences’, in Barbara Graziosi, Vasunia
Phiroze & G. R. Boys-Stones (eds), The Oxford
Handbook of Hellenic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2009), p. 584.
(9)
Gerd Grasshoff, The History of
Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue (London: Springer Verlag, 1990), p.
7.
(10)
G. J. Toomer (trans.), Ptolemy, Ptolemy’s Almagest (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1998), p. 37.
(11)
Vivian Nutton, ‘The Fortunes of Galen’, in R. J. Hankinson
(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Galen
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.
360.
(12)
Fridolf Kudlien, ‘Galen’, DSB, p. 229.
(13)
‘He constructed a systematic and coherent medical synthesis,
unparalleled in antiquity in its scope, learning, intellectual aspirations
and codification.’ Christopher Gill, Tim Whitmarsh & John Wilkins,
Galen and the World of Knowledge
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 3.
(14)
Vivian Nutton, ‘Medicine’, in David C. Lindberg &
Michael H. Shank (eds), The Cambridge History of
Science, Volume 2: Medieval Science (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2013), p. 956.
(15)
Gill, Whitmarsh & Wilkins, Galen and the World of Knowledge
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 4. A modern
historian put it more succinctly: ‘The Roman Empire can, with only
slight unfairness, be described as overwhelmingly lowbrow in its
attitude towards mathematics.’ A. George Molland, ‘Mathematics’, in
David C. Lindberg & Michael H. Shank (eds), The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 2:
Medieval Science, p. 513.
(16)
Vivian Nutton, ‘The Fortunes of Galen’, in R. J. Hankinson
(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Galen,
p. 363.
(17)
Catherine Nixey, The Darkening Age: The
Christian Destruction of the Classical World (London:
Macmillan, 2017), p. 88.
(18)
Martin Ryle (trans.), Luciano Canfora, The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World (London:
Vintage, 1991), p. 192.
الفصل الثالث: بغداد
(1)
Quoted in Jacob Lassner, The Topography
of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages: Text and Studies
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970), pp.
87–91.
(2)
Michael Cooperson, Al-Ma’mun (Oxford: Oneworld, 2006), pp.
88-9.
(3)
Baynard Dodge (ed.), The Fihrist of
al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1970), pp. 1-2.
(4)
David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of
Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical,
Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992), p. 165.
(5)
John Alden Williams (trans.), al-Tabari, The Early Abbasi Empire, Volume I (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 143.
(6)
Ibid., p.144.
(7)
Paul Lunde & Caroline Stone (trans. & eds),
Mas’udi, The Meadows of Gold: The
Abbasids (London: Kegan Paul International, 1989), p.
33.
(8)
S. E. al-Djazairi, The Golden Age and
Decline of Islamic Civilization (Bayt Al-Hikma Press, 2006),
p.165.
(9)
O. Pinto, ‘The Libraries of the Arabs during the time of the
Abbasids’, in Islamic Culture 3, 1929, p.
211.
(10)
Paul Lunde & Caroline Stone (trans. & eds),
Mas’udi, The Meadows of Gold, p.
67.
(11)
Baynard Dodge (ed.), The Fihrist of
al-Nadim, p. 584.
(12)
Robert Kaplan, on In Our Time:
Zero, BBC Radio 4, 13 May 2004.
(13)
Al-Mas‘udi, Murug ad-dahab,
quoted in Dimitri Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic
Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early
Abbasid Society (2nd–4th/8th–10th centuries) (Oxford:
Routledge, 1998), p. 78.
(14)
Dimitri Gutas, Greek
Thought, p. 138.
(15)
Hugh Kennedy, When Baghdad Ruled the
Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty
(Boston: Da Capo Press, 2005), p. 255.
(16)
Baynard Dodge (ed.), The Fihrist of
al-Nadim, p. 693.
(17)
Dimitri Gutas, Greek
Thought, p. 138.
(18)
Introduction to Hunayn’s translation of Galen’s treatise
On Sects, quoted in Franz Rosenthal,
The Classical Heritage in Islam
(London: Routledge, 1994), p. 20.
(19)
G. C. Anawati, ‘Hunayn ibn Ishaq’, DSB, p. 230.
(20)
Jim al-Khalili, The House of Wisdom:
How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the
Renaissance (London: Penguin, 2010), p.
75.
(21)
Baynard Dodge (ed.), The Fihrist of
al-Nadim, pp. 701-2.
(22)
Colin Thubron, The Shadow of the Silk
Road (London: Vintage, 2007), p. 316.
الفصل الرابع: قرطبة
(1)
Pascual de Gayangos (trans.), Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari,
The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in
Spain, Volume I (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002), pp.
17-18.
(2)
Ibid., p. 210.
(3)
Ibid.
(4)
Pascual de Gayangos (trans.), Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari,
The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in
Spain, Volume II (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002), p.
81.
(5)
Pascual de Gayangos (trans.), Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari,
The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in
Spain, Volume I, p. 121.
(6)
Ibid., p. 140.
(7)
Jim al-Khalili, The House of Wisdom:
How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the
Renaissance (London: Penguin, 2010), p.
196.
(8)
Sema‘an I. Salem & Alok Kumar (trans. & eds),
Sa‘id al-Andalusi, Science in the Medieval
World: ‘Book of the Categories of Nations’ (Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1996), p. 64.
(9)
Leon Poliakov, The History of
Anti-Semitism, Volume 2: From Mohammed to the Marranos
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), p.
92.
(10)
Sema‘an I. Salem & Alok Kumar (trans. &
eds), Sa‘id al-Andalusi, Science in the
Medieval World, p. 72.
(11)
M. S. Spink & G. L. Lewis (trans. & commentary),
Albucasis, On Surgery and Instruments: A Definitive
Edition of the Arabic Text with English Translation and
Commentary (London: Wellcome Institute of the History of
Medicine, 1973), p. 2.
(12)
Sami Hamarneh, ‘al-Zahrawi’, Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Detroit: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 2008), p. 585.
(13)
Sema‘an I. Salem & Alok Kumar (trans. & eds),
Sa‘id al-Andalusi, Science in the Medieval
World, p. 61.
(14)
Ibid.
(15)
Pascual de Gayangos (trans.), Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari,
The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in
Spain, Volume I, p. 42.
(16)
Quoted in ibid., pp. 139-40.
(17)
Sema‘an I. Salem & Alok Kumar (trans. & eds),
Sa‘id al-Andalusi, Science in the Medieval
World, p. 61.
(18)
Ibid., p. 62.
(19)
Stephan Roman, The Development of
Islamic Library Collections in Western Europe and North
America (London: Mansell, 1990), p.
192.
(20)
Ibid.
الفصل الخامس: طليطلة
(1)
The preface to Gerard’s translation of Galen’s Tegni, written by his students, translated and
quoted in Charles Burnett, ‘The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation
Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century’, in Science in Context 14 (1/2) (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2001), pp. 249–88.
(2)
Ibid., p. 255.
(3)
Footnote to Letter 15, Harriet Pratt Lattin (trans. &
intro.), The Letters of Gerbert: With His Papal
Privileges as Sylvester II (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1961), p. 54.
(4)
Ibid.
(5)
Ibid., Letter 138, p. 168.
(6)
The preface to Gerard’s translation of Galen’s Tegni, pp. 249–88.
(7)
Salma Khadra Jayyusi, The Legacy of
Muslim Spain, Volume 2 (Leiden: Brill, 1992), p.
1042.
(8)
The preface to Gerard’s translation of Galen’s Tegni, pp. 249–88 and pp.
255-6.
(9)
Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance
of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press, 1927), p. 279.
(10)
Sema‘an I. Salem & Alok Kumar (trans. &
eds), Sa‘id al-Andalusi, Science in the
Medieval World: ‘Book of the Categories of Nations’
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), p.
76.
(11)
Charles Burnett, ‘The Institutional Context of Arabic-Latin
Translations of the Middle Ages: A Reassessment of the School of Toledo’, in
Olga Weijers (ed.), Vocabulary of Teaching and
Research Between Middle Ages and Renaissance: Proceedings of the
Colloquium, London, Warburg Institute, 11-12 March 1994
(Turnhout: Brepols, 1995), p. 226.
(12)
Vivian Nutton, ‘The Fortunes of Galen’, in R. J. Hankinson
(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Galen
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.
364.
(13)
Angus Mackay, Spain in the Middle Ages:
From Frontier to Empire, 1000–1500 (London: Macmillan, 1977),
p. 88.
(14)
Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance
of the Twelfth Century, p. 287.
(15)
Taken from an alternative translation of the preface to
Gerard’s translation of Galen’s Tegni, in
Edward Grant, A Source Book in Medieval
Science (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
1974), p. 255.
(16)
The preface to Gerard’s translation of Galen’s Tegni, pp. 249–88.
(17)
Peter Dronke, The History of
Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988), p. 159.
(18)
Charles Burnett, ‘The Institutional Context of Arabic-Latin
Translations of the Middle Ages’, p. 225.
(19)
Charles Burnett, ‘The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation
Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century’, pp.
249–88.
(20)
Richard Southern, The Making of the
Middle Ages (London: Hutchinson, 1959), p.
39.
(21)
Peter Dronke (ed.), The History of
Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy, p.
113.
(22)
Charles Burnett, Hermann of Carinthia, De Essentiis (Leiden: Brill, 1982), p.
6.
(23)
David Juste, ‘MS Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 10113 (olim
Toledo 98–15)’ (update: 01.03.2017), Ptolemaeus
Arabus et Latinus. Manuscripts,
http://ptolemaeus.badw.de/ms/70.
(24)
Charles Burnett, The Panizzi Lectures
1996: The Introduction of Arabic Learning into England
(London: The British Library, 1997), p. 62.
(25)
Ibid.
(26)
Ibid.
(27)
Charles Burnett, ‘The Twelfth-Century Renaissance’, in David C.
Lindberg & Michael H. Shank (eds), The
Cambridge History of Science, Volume 2: Medieval Science
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), p.
380.
الفصل السادس: ساليرنو
(1)
Edward Grant, Physical Science in the
Middle Ages (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971), p.
4.
(2)
Cassiodorus, Institutiones, Book
II, in Leslie Webber Jones (trans. & ed.),
Cassiodorus, Senator, ca. 487–ca. 580, An
Introduction to Divine and Human Readings (New York: W. W.
Norton, 1969), p. 136.
(3)
Michael Frampton, Embodiments of Will:
Anatomical and Physiological Theories of Voluntary Animal Motion from
Greek Antiquity to the Latin Middle Ages, 400 B.C.–1300 A.D.
(Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr Müller, 2008), p. 277.
(4)
Ibid., p. 304.
(5)
Ibid.
(6)
Marcus Nathan Adler (trans.), The
Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (New York: Philipp Feldheim,
1907), p. 6.
(7)
Al-Idrisi, The Book of Roger, quoted in
Graham Loud, Roger II and the Creation of the Kingdom of
Sicily (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), p.
363.
(8)
Lynn Thorndike, History of Magic and
Experimental Science, Volume I (New York: Macmillan, 1923),
p. 751.
(9)
E. R. A. Sewter (trans.), The
Alexiad of Anna Comnena (London: Penguin Books,
1969), p. 54.
(10)
Doctor Pietro Capparoni, ‘Magistri
Salernitani Nondum Cogniti’: A Contribution to the History of the
Medical School of Salerno (London: John Bale, 1923), p.
51.
(11)
Plinio Prioreschi, A History of
Medicine, Volume 5: Medieval Medicine (Omaha,
Nebraska: Horatius Press, 2005), p. 232.
(12)
Faith Wallis, Medieval Medicine: A
Reader (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), pp.
176-7.
الفصل السابع: باليرمو
(1)
Charles Homer Haskins, Studies in the
History of Mediaeval Science (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, 1924), p. 159, p. 191.
(2)
Prescott N. Dunbar & G. A. Loud (trans.), Amato di
Montecassino, The History of the Normans
(Rochester, New York: Boydell Press, 2004), p. 46.
(3)
Cicero, In Verrem, II.2.5.,
quoted in Dirk Booms & Peter Higgs, Sicily:
Culture and Conquest (London: The British Museum Press,
2016), p. 134.
(4)
Hugo Falcandus, quoted in Hubert Houben, Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and
West (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.
75.
(5)
St Clement of Casauria, Chronicon
Casauriense, 889, quoted in ibid., p.
75.
(6)
Hugo Falcandus, quoted in ibid., p. 75.
(7)
Al-Idrisi, The Book of
Roger, quoted in Graham A. Loud, Roger II
and the Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily (Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 2012), p. 348.
(8)
Hubert Houben, Roger II of
Sicily, p. 121.
(9)
As described by an anonymous writer in around 1190, quoted in
ibid., p. 128.
(10)
Alexander of Telese, History of King
Roger, quoted in Graham A. Loud, Roger II and the Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily, p.
79.
(11)
Jerry Brotton, A History of the World
in Twelve Maps (London: Allen Lane, 2012), p.
73.
(12)
Al-Idrisi, The Book of
Roger, quoted in Graham A. Loud, Roger II
and the Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily, p.
357.
(13)
Hubert Houben, Roger II of
Sicily, p. 98.
(14)
Quaestiones Naturales,
quoted in Charles Burnett, Adelard of Bath: An
English Scientist and Arabist of the Early Twelfth Century
(London: Warburg Institute, 1987), p. 10.
(15)
Quaestiones Naturales,
quoted in Louise Cochrane, Adelard of Bath: The
First English Scientist (London: British Museum Press, 1994),
p. 29.
(16)
Charles Burnett, Adelard of
Bath, p. 12.
(17)
Louise Cochrane, Adelard of
Bath, p. 33.
(18)
Jaqueline Hamesse & Marta Fattori, Rencontres des Cultures dans la Philosophie
Médiévale (Louvain-la-Neuve: Cassino, 1990), p.
94.
(19)
Charles Burnett, Arabic into Latin in
the Middle Ages: The Translators and their Intellectual and Social
Context (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), p.
3.
(20)
R. J. C. Broadhurst, Travels of Ibn
Jubayr (London: Jonathan Cape, 1952), pp.
339–42.
(21)
Norbert Ohler, The Medieval
Traveller (Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1989), p.
224.
(22)
Ibid., p. 225.
الفصل الثامن: فينيسيا
(1)
Joanne M. Ferraro, Venice: History of
the Floating City (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2012), p. 19.
(2)
‘Poggius Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis, Letter III’, in
Phyllis Gordon & Walter Goodhart (trans.), Two Renaissance Book Hunters: The Letters of Poggius Bracciolini to
Nicolaus de Niccolis (New York: Columbia University Press,
1974), p. 26.
(3)
Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: How the
Renaissance Began (London: Bodley Head, 2011), pp.
185–200.
(4)
Romeo and Juliet,
I:4.
(5)
Konstantinos Sp. Staikos, The History
of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume V (New Castle,
Delaware: Oak Knoll Press, 2012), p. 83.
(6)
C. Doris Hellman & Noel M. Swerdlow, ‘Peurbach (or
Peuerbach)’, in Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography (Detroit: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008), p.
477.
(7)
Paul Lawrence Rose, The Italian
Renaissance of Mathematics: Studies on Humanists and Mathematicians from
Petrarch to Galileo (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1975), p.
48.
(8)
Bessarion’s letter to Doge Cristoforo Moro, quoted in
Deno John Geanakoplos, Greek Scholars in
Venice: Studies in the Dissemination of Greek Learning from
Byzantium to Western Europe (Cambridge,
Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1962), p.
35.
(9)
Lottie Labowsky, Bessarion’s Library
and the Biblioteca Marciana (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e
Letteratura, 1979), p. 27.
(10)
Ibid., p. 32.
(11)
Peter Ackroyd, Venice: Pure
City (London: Vintage, 2010), p. 130.
(12)
Ibid., p. 268.
(13)
Martin Lowry, The World of Aldus
Manutius: Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice
(Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1979), p.
191.
(14)
Ibid.
(15)
Ibid., p. 165.
(16)
David S. Zeidberg (ed.), Aldus Manutius
and Renaissance Culture: Essays in Memory of Franklin D.
Murphy (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1994), p.
32.
(17)
Vivian Nutton, ‘The Fortunes of Galen’, in R. J. Hankinson
(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Galen
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp.
367-8.
(18)
Ibid., p. 370.
(19)
William Eamon, ‘Science and Medicine in Early Modern Venice’,
in Eric Dursteler (ed.), A Companion to Venetian
History 1400–1797 (Leiden: Brill, 2013), p.
701.
عام ١٥٠٠ وما بعده
(1)
Neil Rhodes & Jonathan Sawday, The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of
Print (London: Routledge, 2000), p. I.
(2)
George Sarton, Six Wings: Men of
Science in the Renaissance (London: Bodley Head, 1958), p.
6.
(3)
Anthony Grafton, ‘Libraries and Lecture Halls’, in Katherine
Park & Lorraine Daston (eds), The Cambridge
History of Science, Volume 3: Early Modern Science
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), p.
240.
(4)
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing
Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations
in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1979), pp. 567-8.
(5)
Owen Gingerich, ‘Copernicus’ De
revolutionibus: An Example of Scientific Renaissance
Printing’, in Gerald P. Tyson & Sylivia S. Wagonheim (eds), Print and Culture in the Renaissance: Essays on the Advent
of Printing in Europe (Newark: University of Delaware Press,
1986), p. 55.
(6)
Thomas Khun, The Copernican
Revolution (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press, 1957), p. 191.
