ملاحظات
مقدمة
(1)
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‘Young Men’s Mess,’’’ Financial Times,
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(2)
Lagarde, Christine. ‘‘Women, Power, and the
Challenge of the Financial Crisis.’’ New York
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(3)
‘‘Women: A Work Never Done,’’ The
Economist Online, Mar. 8, 2011. http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/03/women.
(4)
‘‘The lion kings?’’ The Economist
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(5)
Lawson, Sandra, and Goldman Sachs. ‘‘Women Hold Up Half the
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(6)
Summers, Lawrence H., and World Bank. ‘‘Investing in All the
People: Educating Women in Developing Countries.’’ EDI Seminar Paper No. 45,
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(7)
Kent, Muhtar. ‘‘Who Will Drive the 21st Century Agenda?
Women,’’ Coca-Cola Company. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/dynamic/leadershipviewpoints/2010/10/women-key-to-global-economic-growth-kent-tells-yale-students.html.
(8)
UNESCAP. ‘‘Economic and
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(9)
UNICEF. ‘‘The State of the
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(10)
‘‘The importance of sex.’’ The
Economist, Apr 12th, 2006.
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(11)
United Nations Development Fund for
Women, ‘‘Investing in Women-Solving the Poverty Puzzle.’’
2007.
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(12)
Rampell, Catherine. ‘‘Women Now a Majority in American
Workplaces.’’ The New York Times. Feb. 5,
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(13)
World Bank. ‘‘Gender Action
Plan: Gender Equality as Smart Economics.’’ 2011.
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(14)
White House. ‘‘United States
National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security,’’ Dec. 2011.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/email-files/US_National_Action_Plan_on_Women_Peace_and_Security.pdf.
(15)
Benschop, Marjolein. ‘‘Women’s Rights to Land and Property,’’
Commission on Sustainable Development, Apr. 2004. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/1556_72513_CSDWomen.pdf.
(16)
Women’s Economic Opportunity Index (New York: Economist
Intelligence Unit Limited, 2010), 23.
Women’s Economic Opportunity Index (New York: Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2010), 23-24.
Women’s Economic Opportunities in the Formal Private Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean (Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2010), 11.
Rama Ramaswami et al., Scaling up: Why Women-owned Businesses Can Recharge the Global Economy (EYGM Limited, 2009), 14.
Martin Valdivia, ‘‘Training or Technical Assistance? A Field Experiment to Learn What Works to Increase Managerial Capital for Female Microentrepreneurs.’’ (Paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Female Entrepreneurship, Washington, DC, April 6, 2011), 47.
Kirrin Gill, et al., Bridging the Gender Divide: How Technology Can Advance Women Economically (Washington DC: The International Center for Research on Women, 2010), 2.
Kirrin Gill, et al., Bridging the Gender Divide: How Technology Can Advance Women Economically (Washington DC: The International Center for Research on Women, 2010), 3.
Women’s Economic Opportunities in the Formal Private Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean (Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2010), 11.
Sarah Gammage, et al., Enhancing Women’s Access to Markets: An Overview of Donor Programs and Best Practices (Washington DC: USAID, 2005), 11.
Enhancing Women’s Market Access and Promoting Pro-poor Growth, in Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Private Sector Development (Paris: OECD, 2006), 67.
Donna J. Kelley, et al., Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010 Report: Women Entrepreneurs Worldwide (Babson College and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, 2011), 42.
Donna J. Kelley, et al., Global Entrepreneur Monitor 2010 Report: Women Entrepreneurs Worldwide (Babson College and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, 2011), 29.
Donna J. Kelley, et al., Global Entrepreneur Monitor 2010 Report: Women Entrepreneurs Worldwide (Babson College and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, 2011), 43.
Claudia Piras, ‘‘Chile Emprendedoras: Promoting Women in Dynamic Business,’’ Presentation at the World Bank Conference on Female Entrepreneurship, Washington, DC, April 6, 2011.
Women’s Economic Opportunities in the Formal Private Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean (Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2010), 36-37.
Elaine Allen, et al., Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship (Babson College and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, 2007), 9.
Women, Business and the Law: Measuring Legal Gender Parity for Entrepreneurs and Workers in 128 Economies (Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2010), 5 and 8.
(17)
Katz, Jonathan. ‘‘The Business Case for Supply Chain
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(18)
Economist Intelligence Unit, Women’s Economic Opportunity
Index, 2010, page 13.
(19)
Bachelet, Michelle. ‘‘A Comprehensive Policy Agenda to End
Violence Against Women: Prevention, Protection and Provision of Services
Key.’’ UN Women. Nov. 22, 2011.
http://www.unwomen.org/2011/11/a-comprehensive-policy-agenda-to-end-violence-against-women/.
(20)
United Nations Development Fund for
Women. ‘‘Violence Against Women—Facts and Figures,’’ Nov.
2007.
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(21)
United Nations Entity for Gender
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الفصل الأول: قوة دافعة أم شعور بالواجب؟
(1)
US Department of State.
‘‘Background Note: Burma.’’ Aug. 3, 2011.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm.
(2)
US Department of State.
‘‘Background Note: Burma.’’ Aug. 3, 2011.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm.
(3)
Sejersted, Francis. ‘‘Award Ceremony Speech.’’ Nobel Prize. 1991.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/presentation-speech.html?print=1.
(4)
‘‘Gendercide: The War on Baby Girls.’’ The Economist. March 4, 2010. Accessed August 15, 2011.
http://www.economist.com/node/15606229?story_id=15606229&source=most_commented.
‘‘Tens of Millions of ‘Missing’ Girls.’’ CNN. September 5, 2010. Accessed August 18, 2011.
http://www.articles.cnn.com/2010-09-05/opinion/wudunn.women.oppression_1_baby-girls-sheryl-wudunn-girls-in-many-countries?_s=PM:OPINION.
(5)
‘‘Hillary Clinton Urged to Skip China; Dole, Lugar Say Trip to
Women’s Conference Would Not Help U.S.’’ Washington
Post, Aug. 21, 1995.
(6)
Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Living
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298.
(7)
Inter-Parliamentary Union.
‘‘Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments,’’ 2008,
(26)
http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/equality08-e.pdf.
(8)
Amnesty
International. ‘‘Russian Federation: Nowhere to turn
to: violence against women in the family.’’ Dec. 14, 2005. (1) http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR46/056/2005/en/d61aeef6-d47e-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/eur460562005en.pdf.
(9)
Obadina, Tunde. ‘‘Nigeria’s Economy at the
Crossroads,’’ Africa Recovery
13(1), June 1999, 8. http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/subjindx/subpdfs/131nigr.pdf.
(10)
UNICEF. ‘‘The
Nigeria Situation.’’ http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/1971_2199.html.
(11)
Obadina, Tunde. ‘‘Nigeria’s Economy at the
Crossroads,’’ Africa Recovery
13(1), June 1999,
8. http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/subjindx/subpdfs/131nigr.pdf.
(12)
Ibid.
(13)
Ibid.
(14)
Ibid.
(15)
Vera, Dr. Raúl R. ‘‘Peru.’’ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. 2006. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Coun
prof/PDF%20files/Peru_English.pdf.
(16)
International Crisis Group
(2008). ‘‘Somalia: To Move Beyond a Failed State.’’
Africa Report. (47). http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5836&l=1.
(17)
United Nations Population
Fund. ‘‘Country Programme Document for Somalia,’’
Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of
the United Nations Populations Fund, 2007. Retrieved from http://www.unfpa.org/exbrd/2008/first
session/dpfpa_cpd_som_1.pdf.
(18)
UNICEF. ‘‘Eastern
and Southern Africa – Child Protection Issues.’’ http://www.unicef.org/esaro/5480_child_protection.html.
الفصل الثاني: جذور راسخة في المجتمع
(1)
‘‘Researchers Warn of Impending Disaster from Mass Arsenic
Poisoning,’’ Bulletin of the World Health
Organization, Sept. 2000.
http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-55.html.
(2)
Healy, Ann Marie and Andrew Zolli. ‘‘Vision Statement: When
Failure Looks Like Success.’’ Harvard Business
Review Magazine. Apr. 1, 2011.
(3)
Ibid.
(4)
‘‘Hillary Rodham Clinton,’’ New York
Times, Dec. 1, 2011.
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hillary_rodham_clinton/index.html.
(5)
Eagly, Alice H., and Linda L. Carli. ‘‘The Female Leadership
Advantage: An Evaluation of the Evidence,’’ Leadership Quarterly, 2003, 14,
807–34.
(6)
Inter-Parliamentary Union.
‘‘Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments,’’ 2008,
(16).
http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/equality08-e.pdf.
(7)
Goleman, Daniel. ‘‘What Makes a Leader?’’ Harvard Business Review, Nov. 2011,
www.hbr.org/2004/01/what-makes-a-leader/ar/pr.
(8)
Embassy of the State of Kuwait
– Australia and New Zealand. ‘‘The Role of Women in
Kuwait.’’ http://www.kuwaitemb-australia.com/women.html.
(9)
Eltahawy, Mona. ‘‘Kuwait rejects political rights for
women.’’ The Guardian. Nov. 30,
1999.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/dec/01/1.
(10)
Global Security.
‘‘Guatemala Civil War 1960–1996,’’ (3). http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/guatemala.htm.
(11)
Lonely Planet.
‘‘History: Guatemala.’’ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/guatemala/history#160740.
(12)
‘‘Timeline: Guatemala’s History of Violence’’
PBS Frontline World. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/guatemala704/history/timeline.html#.
(13)
U.S. Department of State:
Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.
‘‘Background Note: Cambodia.’’ Aug. 10, 2011. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm.
(14)
Mu Sochua: MP & Human
Rights Advocate. ‘‘Bio.’’ http://sochua.wordpress.com/history/biography/.
(15)
CIA Factbook.
‘‘Pakistan.’’ https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html.
(16)
US Department of
State. ‘‘Background Note: Cameroon.’’ Jan. 1, 2012. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm.
(17)
International Monetary
Fund. ‘‘Cameroon: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.’’
IMF Country Report No. 10/257. Aug 2010. (14-15, 41) http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10257.pdf.
(18)
Hamano, Aya. ‘‘GDP for American Samoa, the Commonwealth
of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin
Islands.’’ US Department of Commerce: Bureau
of Economic Analysis. Sept. 2011. (42). http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2011/2009%20September/0911_territories.pdf.
(19)
World Health
Organization. ‘‘WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s
Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Samoa.’’ 2005. http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/fact_sheets/Samoa2.pdf.
(20)
Millennium Development Goals
Indicators. ‘‘Seats held by women in national
parliament, percentage.’’ Aug. 29, 2011. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=557&crid=882.
الفصل الثالث: القدرة على الوصل بين مواطن الفصل
(1)
‘‘Betty Williams—Nobel Lecture.’’
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1976/williams-lecture.html.
(2)
Ibid.
(3)
Aarvik, Egil. ‘‘Award Ceremony Speech,’’ Nobel Prize, Dec. 10, 1977.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1976/press.html#.
(4)
Finch, Cristina. ‘‘No Woman, No Peace,’’Amnesty International, Dec. 19, 2011.
http://www.blog.amnestyusa.org/women/no-woman-no-peace/.
(5)
Nye, Joseph S. ‘‘When women lead the world,’’ Al Jazeera, Feb.
17, 2012.
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/02/201221075020654159.html?utm_content=automateplus&utm_campaign=Trial6&utm_source=SocialFlow&utm_term=tweets&utm_medium=MasterAccount
.
(6)
Fisher, Helen. The First Sex: The Natural Talents of Women and
How They Are Changing the World, New York: Random House,
1999.
(7)
Goleman, Daniel. ‘‘What Makes a Leader?’’ Harvard Business Review, Nov. 2011.
www.hbr.org/2004/01/what-makes-a-leader/ar/pr.
(8)
Eagly, Alice H., Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt, and Marloes L. van
Engen. ‘‘Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-Faire Leadership
Styles: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Women and Men,’’ Psychological Bulletin 129(4), 2003,
569–91.
(9)
Burke, Sarah and Karen M. Collins. ‘‘Gender Differences in
Leadership Styles and Management Skills,’’ Women In
Management Review, 16(5),
pp. 244–257, 2001 Rosener, J. B. ‘‘Ways Women Lead,’’ Harvard Business Review, 68,(6), 119–125, 1990 Fine, Marlene G. ‘‘Women,
Collaboration, and Social Change: An Ethics Based Model of Leadership,’’ in
Women and Leadership: Visions and Diverse
Voices, ed. Jean Lau Chin, Betrice Lott, Joy K. Rice, and
Janis Sanchez-Hucles, 177–91. Boston: Blackwell,
2008.
(10)
Summers, Chris. ‘‘Lives lost to the
Troubles.’’BBC News. Jan. 28,
2009.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7853266.stm.
(11)
Kershner, Isabel. ‘‘Elusive Line Defines Lives in
Israel and the West Bank.’’ The New York
Times. Sept. 6, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/world/middleeast/07borders.html?pagewanted=all.
(12)
The Sixth African Development
Forum. ‘‘Achieving gender equality and women’s
empowerment in Africa Progress Report.’’ Nov. 19–21, 2008. (23). http://www.uneca.org/adfvi/documents/ADFVI_Progress_Report_ENG.pdf.
(13)
‘‘Women: A Work Never Done,’’ The Economist Online, Mar. 8, 2011. http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/03/women.
(14)
The Sixth African Development
Forum. ‘‘Achieving gender equality and women’s
empowerment in Africa Progress Report.’’ Nov. 19–21, 2008. (22). http://www.uneca.org/adfvi/documents/ADFVI_Progress_Report_ENG.pdf.
(15)
Coleman, Isobel. ‘‘The Better Half.’’ Foreign Affairs. Jan/Feb 2010. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65728/isobel-coleman/the-better-half?page=show.
(16)
Health Poverty
Action. ‘‘Success Stories: Using Radio to improve
health education.’’ http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/where-we-work/africa/rwanda/radio/.
الفصل الرابع: أفكار جريئة وأفعال جسورة
(1)
Gbowee, Leymah. ‘‘Nobel Lecture,’’ Nobel Prize, Dec. 10, 2011.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/gbowee-lecture_en.html.
(2)
Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson. ‘‘Nobel Lecture,’’ Nobel Prize, Dec. 10, 2011.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf-lecture_en.html.
(3)
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of
African Affairs. ‘‘Background Note: Liberia,’’ Nov. 22, 2011.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6618.htm.
(4)
Karman, Tawakkol. ‘‘Nobel Lecture,’’ Nobel Prize, Dec. 10, 2011.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/karman-lecture_en.html.
(5)
Maxfield, Sylvia, Mary Shapiro, Vipin Gupta, and Susan Hass.
‘‘Gender and Risk: Women, Risk Taking and Risk Aversion,’’ Gender in Management: An International Journal
25(7), 2010, 586–604.
(6)
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of
Western Hemisphere Affairs. ”Background Note: Argentina,”
Mar. 12, 2012.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm.
(7)
BBC News. ‘‘Argentine
Mothers Mark 30 Years.’’ Apr. 30, 2007.
http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6608871.stm.
(8)
Boustany, Nora. ‘‘As Ukraine Watched the Party Line, She Took
the Truth into Her Hands,’’ Washington
Post, Apr. 29, 2005.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/28/AR2005042801696.html.
(9)
Ibid.
(10)
National Democratic
Institute. ‘‘Campaign Schools Prepare Egyptian Women to Run
for Office.’’ Sept. 29, 2011.
http://www.ndi.org/campaign-schools-Egypt.
(11)
Ryan, Michelle K., and S. Alexander Haslam. ‘‘The Glass Cliff:
Evidence That Women Are Over-Represented in Precarious Leadership
Positions,’’ British Journal of
Management, 16, 81–90,
2005.
(12)
Mather, Mara, Nicole R. Lighthall, Lin Nga, and Marissa A.
Gorlick. ‘‘Sex Differences in How Stress Affects Brain Activity During Face
Viewing,’’ Neuroreport 21(14), 2010,
933–37. Accessed Aug. 15, 2011,
doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e32833ddd92.
(13)
Hossain, Dr. Naomi, and Dr. Celestine Nyamu Musembi.
‘‘Corruption, Accountability and Gender: Understanding the Connections.’’
United Nations Development Fund for Women. 2010.
(14)
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. (Footnote.) ‘‘Understanding Intimate Partner
Violence,’’ 2012.
http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/IPV_Factsheet-a.pdf.
(15)
U.S. Department of State,
Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. ‘‘Background
Note: Argentina,’’ Mar. 12, 2012. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm.
(16)
Anderson, Lisa. ‘‘TRUSTLAW POLL—Afghanistan Is Most
Dangerous Country for Women.’’ TrustLaw
Women, Jun. 15, 2011. http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/trustlaw-poll-afghanistan-is-most-dangerous-country-for-women.
(17)
International Rescue
Committee. ‘‘Measuring Mortality in the Democratic
Republic of Congo.’’ http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRC_DRCMortalityFacts.pdf.
(18)
‘‘DR Congo Mass Rape Verdicts Send Strong Signal to
Perpetrators—UN envoy,’’ UN News Centre, Feb. 21, 2011, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37580&Cr=sexual.
الفصل الخامس: رد الجميل
(1)
Fisher, Helen E. ‘‘The Natural Leadership Talents of Women.’’
In Enlightened Power: How Women Are Transforming the
Practice of Leadership, edited by Linda Coughlin, Ellen
Wingard, and Keith Hollihan, 133–40. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,
2005.
(2)
USAID: Swaziland. ‘‘HIV/AIDS
Health Profile,’’ Oct. 2010.
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Countries/africa/swaziland_profile.pdf.
(3)
USAID: Swaziland. ‘‘HIV/AIDS
Health Profile,’’ Oct. 2010.
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Countries/africa/swaziland_profile.pdf.
(4)
Burt, Ronald S. ‘‘The Network Structure of Social Capital.’’
Research in Organizational Behavior.
Volume 22, (345–423) 2000. http://www.jaylee.business.ku.edu/MGMT%20916/PDF/The%20Net
work%20Structure%20of%20Social%20Capital.pdf.
(5)
Carter, Nancy M., Herminia Ibarra, and Christine Silva. ‘‘Why
Men Still Get More Promotions than Women: Your High-Potential Females Need
More than Just Well-Meaning Mentors,’’ Harvard
Business Review, Sept. 2010,
http://static.ow.ly/docs/HBR Why Men Still Get More Promotions
Than Women_6s5.pdf.
(6)
Ragins, Belle Rose, and Terri A. Scandura. ‘‘Burden or
Blessing? Expected Costs and Benefits of Being a Mentor,’’ Journal of Organizational Behavior 20(4), July
1999, 493–509.
(7)
FED became a model for women around the world and
particularly in the region, where ten local Vital Voices chapters
throughout the Americas have enabled the women we have served to
reach thousands more women and develop leaders locally. From 2000 to
2006, Vital Voices trained and supported 2,700 women globally.
Working in collaboration with our chapters, in 2010 alone we were
able to train and support that same number, just in Latin
America.
(8)
CIA World Factbook.
‘‘Background Note: Haiti.’’ Feb. 21, 2012. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/
ha.html.
(9)
Ibid.
(10)
Nandal, Santosh. ‘‘Extent and Causes of Gender and
Poverty in India: A Case Study of Rural Hayana,’’ Journal of International Women’s Studies
7(2), Nov. 2005.
(11)
UN News Centre.
‘‘Tens of millions to benefit from India’s Right to Education Act—UN
agencies.’’ Apr. 3, 2010. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr=education&Cr1=&NewsID=34273.
(12)
The World Bank.
‘‘2012 World Development Report: Gender Equality and Development.’’
2012 (152). http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf.
الخاتمة
(1)
Yi, Matthew. ‘‘Young Berkeley Journalists Broke Landlord
Story Early.’’ SFGate. Jan. 21, 2000.
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/2000/01/21/NEWS13537.dtl.
(2)
Girls Not Brides. ‘‘Key
Facts,’’ 2002. http://girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/.
(3)
The Elders. ‘‘Girls Not
Brides—A New Global Partnership to End Child Marriage.’’ Sept. 20, 2011.
http://theelders.org/he/article/girls-not-brides-new-global-partnership-end-child-marriage.
