المراجع

  • Abu al-Ma’ali, Mohammed Mahmoud. “Al-Qaeda and Its Allies in the Sahel and the Sahara.” Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, April 30, 2012.
  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  • Adams, Robert. The Narrative of Robert Adams, a Sailor, Who Was Wrecked on the Western Coast of Africa, in the Year 1810, Was Detained Three Years in Slavery by the Arabs of the Great Desert, and Resided Several Months in the City of Tombuctoo. London: John Murray, 1816.
  • Ag Ghaly, Iyad. Transcript of audio message to the people of Timbuktu. Translated by Aaron Y. Zelin. Cited at jihadology.net.
  • Ag Mohamed, Houday. Tombouctou 2012: La ville sainte dans les ténèbres du jihadisme. Bamako: La Ruche à Livres, 2013.
  • Ag Mouchallatte, Aljimite. “Tombouctou: Manifestation anti Ansar Adine/ AQMI ce weekend.” Toumast Press, April 24, 2012.
  • Ahmed, Baba. “Mali: À Tombouctou, près de 200 femmes marchent contre les islamistes.” Jeune Afrique, October 8, 2012.
  • ───. “Mali: Le fantômes de Tomboctou.” Jeune Afrique, May 25, 2012.
  • Akyeampong, Emmanuel K., and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Aldrich, Robert. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 1996.
  • “Alexander Gordon Laing.” In Robert Chambers, ed., A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, vol. 3. Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1835.
  • American Foreign Policy Council. World Almanac of Islamism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
  • Amnesty International. Mali: Five Months of Crisis: Armed Rebellion and Military Coup. May 2012.
  • Apollonj Ghetti, Pietro M. Étude sur les mausolées de Tombouctou. Paris: UNESCO, 2014.
  • Archinard, [Louis]. Le Soudan en 1893. Le Havre: Société des Anciens Courtiers, 1895.
  • ───. Le Soudan français en 1889-1890: Rapport militaire … Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1891.
  • Banks, Joseph. The Endeavour Journal of Sir Joseph Banks (1768–1771). Teddington, England: Echo Library, 2006.
  • Barrett, Ward. “World Bullion Flows, 1450–1800.” In The Rise of Merchant Empires Long Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, edited by James D. Tracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Barth, Heinrich. “Schreiben des Dr. Barth an Prof. Rödiger.” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 9, no. 1 (1855): 261–308.
  • ───. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H.B.M.’s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts, 1857–1858.
  • ───. Wanderungen durch das punische und kyrenäische Küstenland oder Mâg’reb, Afrikîa und Barká [Wanderings Along the Punic and Cyrenaic Shores of the Mediterranean …]. Volume 1 of Wanderungen durch die Küstenländers des Mittelmeeres ausgefuhrt in den Jahren 1845, 1846 und 1847. London: Williams & Norgate, and David Nutt; Berlin: Wilhelm Herz; Paris: Klincksieck, and A. Franck, 1849.
  • Blair, David. “Timbuktu: The Women Singled Out for Persecution.” The Daily Telegraph, February 3, 2013.
  • Blanchard, Ian. Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages, vol. 3: Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 1250–1450. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005.
  • Boahen, A. Adu, ed. Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880–1935. Volume 7 of General History of Africa. Paris: UNESCO; London: Heinemann; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
  • Bonnel de Mézières, Albert. “Major Gordon Laing, and the Circumstances Attending His Death.” The Geographical Journal 39, no. 1 (1912): 54–57.
  • Bovill, E. W., ed. Missions to the Niger, vol. 1: The Journal of Friedrich Hornemann’s Travels from Cairo to Murzuk in the Years 1797–98 and The Letters of Major Alexander Gordon Laing, 1824–26. Cambridge, England: Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1964.
  • ───. Missions to the Niger, vols. 2–4: The Bornu Mission, 1822–25. Cambridge, England: Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1966.
  • Brenner, Louis, and David Robinson. “Project for the Conservation of Malian Arabic Manuscripts.” History in Africa 7 (1980): 329–32.
  • Bridges, R. C. “W. D. Cooley, the RGS and African Geography in the Nineteenth Century. Part I: Cooley’s Contribution to the Geography of Eastern Africa.” The Geographical Journal 142, no. 1 (1976): 27–47.
  • ───. “William Desborough Cooley (1795?–1883).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  • Burton, Richard F. Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1872.
  • Caillié, René. Journal d’un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l’Afrique centrale … pendant les années 1824–1828. Paris: Atlas, 1830.
  • ───. Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and Across the Great Desert, to Morocco, Performed in the Years 1824–1828. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830.
  • Callimachi, Rukmini. “In Timbuktu, al Qaida Left Behind a Manifesto.” Associated Press, February 14, 2013.
  • Carter, Harold B. Sir Joseph Banks 1743–1820. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1988.
  • Cavendish, Julius. “Destroying Timbuktu: The Jihadist Who Inspires the Demolition of the Shrines.” Time, July 10, 2012.
  • Chamberlain, M. E. The Scramble for Africa. London: Longman, 1999.
  • Chambers, Neil, ed. The Letters of Sir Joseph Banks: A Selection 1768–1820. River Edge, NJ: Imperial College Press, 2000.
  • Champeaux, Nicolas. “Le projet du chef d’Aqmi pour le Mali.” RFI/Libération, October 6, 2013.
  • Chatwin, Bruce. Anatomy of Restlessness: Uncollected Writings. Edited by Jan Borm and Matthew Graves. London: Jonathan Cape, 1996.
  • Cherbonneau, Auguste. “Essai sur la littérature arabe du Soudan d’après le Tekmileted-dibadje d’Ahmed-Baba, le tombouctien.” Annuaire de la Societé Archéologique de la Province de Constantine 2 (1854–1855).
  • Cissoko, Sékéné Mody. Tombouctou et l’empire Songhay: Épanouissement du Soudan nigérien aux XVe–XVIe siècles. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1996.
  • Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin, 2012.
  • Cooley, W. D. “Barth’s Discoveries in Africa; Made During an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H. M. Government, 1849–1855.” The Edinburgh Review 109 (1859).
  • ───. The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained; or, An Inquiry into the Early History and Geography of Central Africa. London: J. Arrowsmith, 1841. Reprinted London: Frank Cass, 1966.
  • ───.Review of Jean-Baptiste Douville, Voyage au Congo et dans l’intérieur de l’Afrique équinoxiale. The Foreign Quarterly Review 10 (August 19, 1832): 163–206.
  • Cory, Stephen. “The Man Who Would Be Caliph: A Sixteenth-Century Sultan’s Bid for an African Empire.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 42, no. 2 (2009): 179–200.
  • Crone, G. R., ed. The Voyages of Cadamosto and Other Documents on Western Africa in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century. London: Hakluyt Society, 1938.
  • Curtin, Philip D. Disease and Empire: The Health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • ───. “The End of the ‘White Man’s Grave’? Nineteenth-Century Mortality in West Africa.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 1 (1990): 63–88.
  • ───. The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780–1850. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.
  • Daniel, Serge. “Mausolées détruits au Mali: Bamako denónce une furie destructrice.” AFP, in La Presse (Canada), June 12, 2012.
  • ───. “Timbuktu’s History at Risk As Rebellion Moves In.” AFP, in National Post (Canada), April 3, 2012.
  • “Dans Tombouctou coupée du monde, le régne de la débrouille.” Les Observateurs, France 24, January 2, 2013.
  • Davidson, Basil. Africa in History: Themes and Outlines. London: Phoenix Press, 2001.
  • De Jorio, Rosa. “The Fate of Timbuktu’s Sufi Heritage: Controversies Around Past Traces and Current Practices.” In Cultural Heritage in Mali in the Neoliberal Era, 116–34. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016.
  • [Demarin, John Peter.] A Treatise upon the Trade from Great-Britain to Africa, Humbly Recommended to the Attention of Government, by an African Merchant. London: R. Baldwin, 1772.
  • “Destruction des mausolées de Tombouctou: Un ‘crime de guerre’ selon la CPI.” Le monde, July 1, 2012.
  • Diarra, Admana, Tiémoko Diallo, and Agathe Machecourt. “Manifestation de femmes contre la charia à Tombouctou.” Reuters, October 6, 2012.
  • Diawara, Gaoussou. Abubakari II, explorateur mandingue. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010.
  • Dreazen, Yochi. “The Brazen Bibliophiles of Timbuktu: How a Team of Sneaky Librarians Duped Al Qaeda.” The New Republic, April 25, 2013.
  • Dubois, Félix. Timbuctoo the Mysterious. Translated by Diana White. London: William Heinemann, 1897.
  • Farias, P. F. de Moraes. Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Chronicles and Songhay-Tuāreg History. Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Fletcher, Pascal. “Timbuktu Librarians Protect Manuscripts from Rebels.” Reuters, April 11, 2012.
  • Fowler, Robert R. A Season in Hell: My 130 Days in the Sahara with Al Qaeda. Toronto: HarperCollins Canada, 2011.
  • Fyfe, Christoper. “Alexander Gordon Laing (1794–1826).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  • ───. “Mungo Park (1771–1806).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Excerpts from diary. In “Explore Gates’ Diary: The Road to Timbuktu.” Wonders of the African World, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_gt.htm. (Cited as being from The New Yorker.)
  • Gelfand, Michael. “Rivers of Death in Africa, an Inaugural Lecture Given at the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland” (1963). London: Oxford University Press, 1964.
  • Ghali, Noureddine, and Mohamed Mahibou, with Louis Brenner. Inventaire de la Bibliothèque ‘Umarienne de Segou (conservée à la Bibliothèque Nationale—Paris). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1985.
  • Gobineau, Arthur de. The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races: With Particular Reference to Their Respective Influence in the Civil and Political History of Mankind. Edited and expanded by H. Hotz and J. C. Nott. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1856.
  • Gout, Frédéric. Libérez Tombouctou! Journal de guerre au Mali. Paris: Tallandier, 2015.
  • Grossman, Ron. “African Manuscripts Rewriting History: Northwestern Professor Uncovers 16th Century Writings by a Black African That Contradict Many Western Preconceptions.” Chicago Tribune, April 9, 2001.
  • Guidère, Mathieu. “The Timbuktu Letters: New Insights about AQIM.” Res Militaris 4, no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2014).
  • Haidara, Abdel Kader. “An Overview of the Major Manuscript Libraries in Timbuktu.” In The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa, edited and translated by Graziano Krätli and Ghislaine Lydon, 241–64. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
  • Haidara, Ismael Diadié. Une cabane au bord de l’eau. Málaga, Spain: Fondo Kati, 2015.
  • Hall, Bruce S. A History of Race in Muslim West Africa 1600–1960. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  • Hallett, Robin, ed. Records of the African Association 1788–1831. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1964.
  • Hammer, Joshua. The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu and Their Race to Save the World’s Most Precious Manuscripts. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016.
  • ───. “The Race to Save Mali’s Priceless Artifacts.” Smithsonian Magazine, January 2014.
  • Hampâté Bâ, Amadou, and Roger Gaetani. A Spirit of Tolerance: The Inspiring Life of Tierno Bokar. Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom, 2008.
  • Harding, Luke. “Timbuktu Mayor: Mali Rebels Torched Library of Historic Manuscripts.” The Guardian, January 28, 2013.
  • Harmon, Stephen A. Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012-2013. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014.
  • Harris, James. Hume: An Intellectual Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • “Head of UN Cultural Agency Urges Warring Factions in Mali to Safeguard Timbuktu.” UN News Centre, April 2, 2012.
  • Helly, Dorothy O. “Flora Shaw and the Times: Becoming a Journalist, Advocating Empire.” In Women in Journalism at the Fin de Siècle: “Making a Name for Herself,” edited by F. Elizabeth Gray, 110–28. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Herbert, Eugenia. “Timbuktu: A Case Study of the Role of Legend in History.” In West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives, edited by B. K. Swartz, Jr., and Raymond E. Dumett, 431–54. The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton, 1980.
  • Hinshaw, Drew. “In Gadhafi’s Timbuktu Villa, an al Qaeda Retreat.” The Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2013.
  • Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
  • Houdas, Octave, trans. Tarikh es-soudan par Abderrahman Ben Abdallah Ben ‘Imran Ben ‘Amir es-Sa‘di. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1900. Arabic text, prepared with the collaboration of Edmond Benoist, published Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1898.
  • Houdas, Octave, and Maurice Delafosse, trans. Tarikh el-fettach ou chronique du chercheur … par Mahmoûd Kâti Ben El-Hâdj El-Motaouakkel Kâti et l’un de ses petits-fils. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1913.
  • Human Rights Watch. Mali: War Crimes by Northern Rebels. April 2012.
  • Hunwick, John O. “Ahmad Baba and the Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan (1591).” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2, no. 3 (1962): 311–28.
  • ───. Arabic Literature of Africa, vol. 4: Writings of Western Sudanic Africa. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
  • ───. “CEDRAB: The Centre de Documentation et de Recherches Ahmad Baba at Timbuktu.” Sudanic Africa 3 (1992): 173–81.
  • ───. “Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk.” Sudanic Africa 14 (2003): 13–20.
  • ───. Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa‘di’s Ta’rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
  • Hunwick, John O., Alida Jay Boye, and Joseph Hunwick. The Hidden Treasures of Timbuktu: Historic City of Islamic Africa. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008.
  • International Criminal Court. “Al Mahdi Case. The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, ICC-01/12-01/15.” https://www.icc-cpi.int/mali/al-mahdi.
  • International Crisis Group. Mali, Avoiding Escalation. July 18, 2012.
  • International Organization for Migration. The Mali Migration Crisis at a Glance March 2013.
  • “Isaaco’s Journal of a Voyage After Mr. Mungo Park, to Ascertain His Life or Death.” Annals of Philosophy 4, no. 23 (November 1814): 369–85.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson: 1743–1790. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1914.
  • Jeppie, Shamil. “Re/discovering Timbuktu.” In Jeppie and Diagne, The Meanings of Timbuktu.
  • Jeppie, Shamil, and Souleymane Bachir Diagne, eds. The Meanings of Timbuktu. Cape Town: HSRC Press in association with CODESRIA, 2008.
  • Jobson, Richard. The Golden Trade; Or, A Discovery of the River Gambra, and the Golden Trade of the Aethiopians (1623). London: William Dawson & Sons, 1968.
  • Joffre, General [Joseph]. My March to Timbuctoo. London: Chatto & Windus, 1915.
  • Kaba, Lansiné. “Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612).” The Journal of African History 22, no. 4 (1981): 457–75.
  • Kanya-Forstner, A. S. The Conquest of the Western Sudan: A Study in French Military Imperialism. London: Cambridge University Press, 1969.
  • Katz, Marion Holmes. “Women’s ‘Mawlid’ Performances in Sanaa and the Construction of ‘Popular Islam.’” International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 3 (2008): 467–84.
  • Kemper, Steve. A Labyrinth of Kingdoms: 10,000 Miles Through Islamic Africa. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012.
  • Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. Introduction to Barth’s Travels in Nigeria: Extracts from the Journal of Heinrich Barth’s Travels in Nigeria, 1850–1855. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.
  • Kryza, Frank T. The Race for Timbuktu: In Search of Africa’s City of Gold. New York: Ecco, 2006.
  • Lacher, Wolfram. “Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region.” In Perilous Desert: Insecurity in the Sahara, edited by Frederic Wehrey and Anouar Boukhars, 61–85. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013.
  • Laing, Alexander Gordon. The Letters of Major Alexander Gordon Laing, 1824–26. In Bovill, Missions to the Niger, vol. 1.
  • Le Touzet, Jean-Louis. “La feuille de route d’Aqmi au Mali.” Libération, October 7, 2013.
  • Lebovich, Andrew. “The Local Face of Jihadism in Northern Mali.” CTC Sentinel, June 25, 2013.
  • Ledyard, John. A Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, and in Quest of a North-West Passage … Faithfully Narrated from the Original MS … Hartford: Nathaniel Patten, 1783.
  • Leo Africanus. “Description of the Middle Niger, Hausaland and Bornu.” In Hunwick, Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire.
  • Levtzion, Nehemia. Ancient Ghana and Mali. London: Methuen, 1973.
  • ───. “A Seventeenth-Century Chronicle by Ibn al-Mukhtār: A Critical Study of ‘Ta’rīkh al-fattāsh.’” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London), 34, no. 3 (1971): 571–93.
  • Levtzion, N., and Hopkins, J. F. P., eds. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Translated by J. F. P. Hopkins. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
  • Lovejoy, Paul E. “Islamic Scholarship and Understanding History in West Africa Before 1800.” In The Oxford History of Historical Writing, vol. 3: 1400–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • “Mali: L’indignation des artistes et intellectuels après les profanations de Tombouctou.” RFI Afrique, May 6, 2012.
  • “Mali: Un mausolée profané par Aqmi à Tombouctou.” L’express and AFP, May 6, 2012.
  • “Mali Islamist Militants ‘Destroy’ Timbuktu Saint’s Tomb.” BBC News, May 6, 2012.
  • “Mali Separatists Ready to Act over Destruction of Tombs.” CNN, July 2, 2012.
  • Marin La Meslée, Valérie. “Tombouctou, patrimoine mondial aux mains des islamistes?” Le point, April 4, 2012. http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/tombouctou-patrimoine-mondial-aux-mains-des-islamistes-04-04-2012-1448503_24.php.
  • Masonen, Pekka. The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 2000.
  • McConnell, Tristan. “How Timbuktu Saved Its Books.” Harper’s Magazine, February 4, 2013.
  • ───. “Meet the Unlikely Group That Saved Timbuktu’s Manuscripts.” GlobalPost, February 3, 2013.
  • McIntosh, Roderick J., and Susan Keech McIntosh. “The Inland Niger Delta Before the Empire of Mali: Evidence from Jenne-Jeno.” The Journal of African History 22, no. 1 (1981): 1–22.
  • McIntosh, Susan Keech, and Roderick J. McIntosh. “West African Prehistory.” American Scientist 69, no. 6 (1981): 602–13.
  • Meek, C. K. “The Niger and the Classics: The History of a Name.” The Journal of African History 1, no. 1 (1960): 1–17.
  • Messaoudi, Alain, and Jean Schmitz, “Octave Houdas.” In Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française, edited by François Pouillon. Paris: Institut d’Études de l’Islam et des Sociétés du Monde Musulman and Karthala, 2008.
  • Molins Lliteras, Susana. “Africa Starts in the Pyrenees: The Fondo Kati, Between al-Andalus and Timbuktu.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, August 2015.
  • ───. “The Making of the Fondo Ka‘ti Archive: A Family Collection in Timbuktu.” Islamic Africa 6 (2015): 185–91.
  • Nobili, Mauro, and Mohamed Shahid Mathee. “Towards a New Study of the So-Called Tarikh al-fattash.” History in Africa 42 (2015): 37–73.
  • “Nord du Mali: Gao est aux mains des islamistes.” RFI Afrique, June 27, 2012.
  • Norris, H. T. “Sanhājah Scholars of Timbuctoo.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London), 30, no. 3 (1967): 634–40.
  • O’Brian, Patrick. Joseph Banks: A Life. London: Collins Harvill, 1989.
  • Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Park, Mungo. The Life and Travels of Mungo Park. Edinburgh: William and Robert Chambers, 1838.
  • ───. Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa, Performed Under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797. London: G. and W. Nicol, 1799.
  • Pelizzo, Riccardo. “Timbuktu: A Lesson in Underdevelopment.” Journal of World-Systems Research 7, no. 2 (2001): 265–83.
  • Proceedings of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa. London: C. Macrae, 1810. Reprint of issues from 1788 through 1810.
  • Prothero, R. Mansell. “Heinrich Barth and the Western Sudan.” The Geographical Journal 124, no. 3 (1958): 326–37.
  • Pruneau de Pommegorge, Antoine E. Description de la nigritie. Amsterdam: Maradan, 1789.
  • Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas His Pilgrimes (1625). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Ralfs, C[hristian]. “Beiträge zur Geschichte und Geographie des Sudan, Eingesandt von Dr. Barth.” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 9, no. 2 (1855): 518–644.
  • “Report of the UNESCO Meeting of Experts on the Utilisation of Written Sources for the History of Africa Held at Timbuktu, 30 November–7 December 1967.” Research Bulletin (Centre of Arabic Documentation, University of Ibadan), 4 (1968): 52–69.
  • “Révélations sur les hommes qui sément la terreur au nord Mali.” La dépêche, January 9, 2013. maliweb.net.
  • Review of Heinrich Barth, Wanderings Along the Punic and Cyrenaic Shores of the Mediterranean (Wanderungen durch das punische und kyrenäische Küstenland). The Athenaum, no. 1166 (March 2, 1850): 229–30.
  • Review of René Caillié, Journal d’un voyage à Temboctoo [sic] et a Jenné, dans l’Afrique centrale, &c. The Quarterly Review 42, no. 84 (March 1830): 450–75.
  • Rice, Xan. “Day a One-Eyed Jihadist Came to Timbuktu.” Financial Times, January 25, 2013.
  • Richardson, James. Narrative of a Mission to Central Africa Performed in the Years 1850–51. Edited by Bayle St. John. London: Chapman and Hall, 1853.
  • Ritchie, J. M. “The Nazi Book-Burning.” Modern Language Review 83, no. 3 (1988): 627–43.
  • Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste Louis Jacques. Excerpts of letters. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie 7, no. 54 (October 1827): 176–77; 9, no. 63 (July 1828): 41.
  • Saad, Elias N. Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400–1900. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de. Wind, Sand and Stars. [Translated by Lewis Galantière.] London: Pan Books, 1975.
  • Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean. Félix Dubois 1862–1945: Grand reporter et explorateur de Panama à Tamanrasset. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999.
  • Sanche de Gramont. The Strong Brown God: Story of the River Niger. New York: Mariner, 1991.
  • Sattin, Anthony. The Gates of Africa: Death, Discovery, and the Search for Timbuktu. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005.
  • Scheele, Judith. Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional Connectivity in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Schiffers, Heinrich, ed. Heinrich Barth: Ein Forscher in Afrika. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1967.
  • Schubert, Gustav von. Heinrich Barth, der Bahnbrecher der deutschen Afrikaforschung: Ein Lebens-und Charakterbild. Berlin: Reimer, 1897.
  • Shaw, Flora [Dame Flora Louise Lugard]. A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of the Western Soudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria. London: James Nisbet, 1905.
  • Sidibe, Moussa. “Comment les populations ont vécu la bataille de Konna et l’occupation des régions du nord.” Maliweb.net, March 8, 2013.
  • Singleton, Brent D. “African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu.” Libraries & Culture 39, no. 1 (2004): 1–12.
  • “Smuggled Out: Most Timbuktu Manuscripts Saved from Attacks.” Der Spiegel (English website), February 25, 2013.
  • Sparks, Jared. Memoirs of the Life and Travels of John Ledyard from His Journals and Correspondence. London: Henry Colburn, 1828.
  • Spurr, David. The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993.
  • Touchard, Laurent. “Mali: Retour sur la bataille décisive de Konna.” Jeune Afrique, January 30, 2014.
  • Triaud, Jean-Louis. “Tombouctou ou le retour du mythe: L’exposition médiatique des manuscrits de Tombouctou.” In L’Afrique des savoirs au sud du Sahara, XVIe–XXIe siècle: Acteurs, supports, pratiques, edited by Daouda Gary-Tounkara and Didier Nativel. Paris: Karthala, 2012.
  • UNESCO. Decisions Adopted by the World Heritage Committee at Its 36th Session (Saint-Petersburg, 2012). World Heritage 36 COM. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, World Heritage Committee, Thirty-sixth Session. Saint Petersburg, June 24–July 6, 2012.
  • Uzoigwe, G. N. “European Partition and Conquest of Africa: An Overview.” In Boahen, Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880–1935, 19–44.
  • Van Sertima, Ivan. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America. New York: Random House, 2003.
  • Walpole, Horace. Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, to Sir Horace Mann: His Britannic Majesty’s Resident at the Court of Florence, from 1760 to 1785, vol. 2. London: R. Bentley, 1843.
  • Walt, Vivienne. “For the Treasures of Timbuktu, a Moment of Grave Peril.” Time, January 26, 2013.
  • ───. “Mali: Timbuktu Locals Saved Some of City’s Ancient Manuscripts from Islamists.” Time, January 28, 2013.
  • Wesseling, H. L. Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1888–1914. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.
  • Wise, Christopher, and Haba Abu Taleb, trans. Ta’rīkh al fattāsh: The Timbuktu Chronicles 1493–1599: English Translation of the Original Works in Arabic by Al Hajj Mahmud Kati. Edited by Christopher Wise. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2011.
  • York, Geoffrey. “The Secret Race to Save Timbuktu’s Manuscripts.” Globe and Mail, December 27, 2012.
  • Zanganeh, Lila Azam. “Has the Great Library of Timbuktu Been Lost?” The New Yorker, January 29, 2013.
  • Zouber, Mahmoud. Ahmad Baba de Tombouctou (1556–1627): Sa vie et son oeuvre Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1977.

جميع الحقوق محفوظة لمؤسسة هنداوي © ٢٠٢٤