مصادر الصور

(1-1) Popa langur. ©Thaung Win.
(1-2) The major biomes of the world. From <http://evans9j.blogspot.com/2015/02/biomes-our-first-activity-will-be-to.html>, with permission.
(1-3) Biodiversity hotspots situated within high (black) biodiversity areas. From Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A. and Kent, J., 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772), pp. 853–8, with permission.
(1-4) (a) Predictive map of species richness in mainland South-East Asia, Borneo, and Sumatra; (b) the locations of the same hotspots depicted relative to the locations of current protected areas. Adapted from Macdonald, D. W., Chiaverini, L., Bothwell, H. M., Kaszta, Ż., Ash, E., Bolongon, G., Can, Ö. E., Campos-Arceiz, A., Channa, P., Clements, G. R., and Hearn, A. J., 2020. Predicting biodiversity richness in rapidly changing landscapes: climate, low human pressure or protection as salvation? Biodiversity and Conservation, 29(14), pp. 4035–57, with permission.
(2-1) African lion density across (a) recent historical (1960–1970s) lion distribution; and (b) extant range showing lion population densities. From Loveridge, A. J., Sousa, L. L., Cushman, S., Kaszta, Ż., and Macdonald, D. W. (2022). Where have all the lions gone? Establishing realistic baselines to assess decline and recovery of African lions. Diversity and Distributions, 28, 2388–2402. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13637, with permission.
(2-2) Cecil the lion. Andrew Loveridge.
(2-3) Main threats to globally threatened birds. From Birdlife International 2016. http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/casestudy/a-range-of-threats-drives-declines-in-bird-populations, with permission.
(3-1) Lord Howe Island stick insect or tree lobster.
(3-2) Orchid Dracula mendozae.
(4-1) Geographical distribution of the costs due to alien species for 1970–2017. From Diagne, C., Leroy, B., Vaissière, A. C., Gozlan, R. E., Roiz, D., Jarić, I., Salles, J. M., Bradshaw, C. J., and Courchamp, F., 2021. High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. Nature, 592(7855), pp. 571–6, with permission.
(4-2) The 10 costliest taxa for cumulative damage and management costs (2017 prices) 1970–2017. From Diagne, C., Leroy, B., Vaissière, A. C., Gozlan, R. E., Roiz, D., Jarić, I., Salles, J. M., Bradshaw, C. J., and Courchamp, F., 2021. High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. Nature, 592(7855), pp. 571–6, with permission.
(4-3) Parakeets peek out of holes in a tree in Richmond Park. Bruno Guerreiro/Getty.
(4-4) Global invasion threat for the 21st century. From Early, R., Bradley, B. A., Dukes, J. S., Lawler, J. J., Olden, J. D., Blumenthal, D. M., Gonzalez, P., Grosholz, E. D., Ibañez, I., Miller, L. P., and Sorte, C. J., 2016. Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities. Nature communications, 7(1), pp. 1–9, with permission.
(4-5) Regions with contiguous countries where an invasive species spreads from the country of first establishment, where it has no impact, into countries of subsequent invasion, where it has an impact. From Faulkner, K. T., Robertson, M. P., and Wilson, J. R., 2020. Stronger regional biosecurity is essential to prevent hundreds of harmful biological invasions. Global Change Biology, 26(4), pp. 2449–62, with permission.
(5-1) The unacceptable face of bushmeat.
(5-2) Causes and effects of illegal or unsustainable wildlife trade on species, ecosystems, and society. From Cardoso, P., Amponsah-Mensah, K., Barreiros, J. P., Bouhuys, J., Cheung, H., Davies, A., Kumschick, S., Longhorn, S. J., Martínez-Munoz, C. A., Morcatty, T. Q., and Peters, G., 2021. Scientists’ warning to humanity on illegal or unsustainable wildlife trade. Biological Conservation, 263, p. 109341, with permission.
(6-1) The spread of African Swine Fever threatens South-East Asia’s 11 wild pig species. From Luskin, M. S., Meijaard, E., Surya, S., Walzer, C., and Linkie, M., 2021. African Swine Fever threatens Southeast Asia’s 11 endemic wild pig species. Conservation Letters, 14(3), p.e12784, with permission.
(6-2) Incidence rate of bovine tuberculosis in cattle within and outside 30 badger cull areas of the High Risk Area of England, during badger cull years (September to August) 2013/14–2018/19. From Langton, T. E., Jones, M. W., and McGill, I., 2022. Analysis of the impact of badger culling on bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the high-risk area of England, 2009–2020. Veterinary Record, 190(6), p.e1384, with permission.
(6-3) Integrated wildlife monitoring as the combination of population monitoring, passive (scanning), and active (targeted) disease surveillance. From Cardoso, B., García-Bocanegra, I., Acevedo, P., Cáceres, G., Alves, P. C,, and Gortázar, C., 2021. Stepping up from wildlife disease surveillance to integrated wildlife monitoring in Europe. Research in Veterinary Science, 144, pp. 149–56, with permission.
(7-1) The ground inside (treated) and outside (untreated) the bomas, and the resulting difference in number of maize cobs and cob length.
(7-2) Common approaches used to mitigate human–wildlife conflict and promote human–wildlife coexistence. From Nyhus, P. J., 2016. Human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, pp. 143–71, with permission.
(7-3) Conservation problems, and their solutions, can occur anywhere along a continuum of species recovery. From Macdonald, D. W. and Sillero-Zubiri, C., 2004. Conservation: from theory to practice, without bluster. In Macdonald, D. W. and Sillero-Zubiri, C., eds., The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford University Press, pp. 353–72, with permission.
(8-1) Global average sea level has risen by about 16 cm (6 inches) since the late 19th century, and faster recently. From Shum, C. K. and Kuo, C. Y., 2010. Observation and geophysical causes of present-day sea-level rise. In Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia. Springer, pp. 85–104, with permission.
(9-1) The doughnut of social and planetary boundaries. From Raworth, K., 2017. Why it’s time for Doughnut Economics. IPPR Progressive Review, 24(3), pp. 216–22, with permission.
(9-2) Under anthropocentric economics the intended uses of (and impacts on) natural capital are constrained to preclude overexploitation that diminishes human well-being, and uses of human capital are constrained to preclude unfair or undignified treatment of other humans. From Vucetich, J. A., Damania, R., Cushman, S. A., Macdonald, E. A., Burnham, D., Offer-Westort, T., Bruskotter, J. T., Feltz, A., Eeden, L. V., and Macdonald, D. W., 2021. A minimally nonanthropocentric economics: what is it, is it necessary, and can it avert the biodiversity crisis? BioScience, 71(8), pp. 861–73, with permission.
(9-3) ‘Living with Tigers’ Project conceptualized pathway for interventions, intended outcomes, and impacts. From Fitzmaurice, Amy, Liedekerke, V., Carter, Neil, Trout, E., Parker, B., Manandhar, Prajwol, Dickson, G., Senn, H., Alibhai, S., Chaudhary, T., Chapagain, P., Poudel, Prabin, Thapa, Shyam, Zimmermann, A., Macdonald, D., Subedi, Bishnu, Paudel, Sakuntala, Thapa, Sima, and Chaudhary, Gautam (2022). Impact evaluation of the Living with Tigers Project: Do human–felid coexistence interventions benefit both wildlife and local people? Final Report 2021, with permission.
(9-4) Cost per head of livestock incurred by attempted protection against predators by lethal and non-lethal means. Based on McManus, J. S., Dickman, A. J., Gaynor, D., Smuts, B. H., and Macdonald, D. W., 2015. Dead or alive? Comparing costs and benefits of lethal and non-lethal human–wildlife conflict mitigation on livestock farms. Oryx, 49(4), pp. 687–95, with permission.
(9-5) Flow diagram of The Nature Conservancy (TNC) ‘Blue Bonds for Ocean Conservation’ programme. From TNC (<https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/blue-bonds-belize-conserve-thirty-percent-of-ocean-through-debt-conversion/>) with permission.
(10-1) Success/failure of conservation translocation according to major taxa. From Soorae, P. S. ed., 2021. Global Conservation Translocation Perspectives, 2021: Case Studies from Around the Globe. IUCN SSC Conservation Translocation Specialist Group, Environment Agency, with permission.
(10-2) Global distribution of critically endangered megafauna. From Farhadinia, M. S., Johnson, P. J., Zimmermann, A., McGowan, P. J., Meijaard, E., Stanley-Price, M., and Macdonald, D. W., 2020. Ex situ management as insurance against extinction of mammalian megafauna in an uncertain world. Conservation Biology, 34(4), pp. 988–96, with permission.
(10-3) Wild boar sow with piglets. Philip Mugridge/Alamy.
(10-4) Remaining ranges of Persian, Arabian, Indochinese, and Amur leopard subspecies, and the locations of borderlands. From Farhadinia, M. S., Rostro-García, S., Feng, L., Kamler, J. F., Spalton, A., Shevtsova, E., Khorozyan, I., Al-Duais, M., Ge, J., and Macdonald, D. W., 2021. Big cats in borderlands: challenges and implications for transboundary conservation of Asian leopards. Oryx, 55(3), pp. 452–60, with permission.
(10-5) The Conservation Quartet, which, in 1986, I designed to conceptualize the four interacting components of the mission of the WildCRU.
(10-6) Nature-based Solutions as an umbrella term for ecosystem-related approaches. From Cohen-Shacham, E., Walters, G., Janzen, C., and Maginnis, S., 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 97, pp. 2016–36, with permission..