قراءات إضافية
مؤلفات ديكارت
The two-volume selection by Cottingham, Stoothoff, and Murdoch (see
under Texts and Translations) is the most satisfactory collection of Descartes’s
writings in English. Individual philosophical texts by Descartes are also widely
available in paperback editions published by Penguin, Everyman, Mentor, and
Nelson. A particularly useful translation by Stephen Voss of The Passions of the Soul (Indianapolis, 1989) can
also be mentioned in this connection. The selection of Descartes’s enormous
correspondence translated by Anthony Kenny (see under Texts and Translations, p.
ix) has now been corrected, enlarged, and incorporated as a third volume into
the Cottingham, Stoothoff, and Murdoch edition of Descartes’s writings. Further
correspondence, on psychology and ethics, has been translated by John Blom (see
below). Also of interest is Descartes’s Conversation
with Burman, edited and translated by John Cottingham (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1976).
Descartes’s scientific writings are usually excerpted rather than
printed complete. The selections given in Cottingharn
et al. should meet the needs of the general
reader. For the Discourse and Essays in its
entirety, see the English translation by Paul Olscamp (Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1965). See also T. S. Hall (trans.), Treatise of Man (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
1972), and the translation of The Principles of
Philosophy published by Reidel in 1984.
In French, besides the Adam and Tannery, there is an edition of
Descartes’s writings by Alquié (Paris: Gamier, 1963–73).
السيرة الذاتية
The first biography of Descartes was Adrien Baillet’s La Vie de Monsieur Descartes, published in 1691
(Paris: La Table Ronde, 1946), recently reprinted by Slatkine Reprints (Geneva,
1970). Modern accounts of Descartes’s life, which at times correct Baillet,
include Charles Adam, Vie et Œuvres de
Descartes (1910; AT, vol. 12), on which I have relied heavily,
and, in English, Jack Vrooman, René Descartes: A
Biography (New York: Putnam, 1970). Much more recent is Stephen
Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual
Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), which has a very full
treatment of Descartes’s scientific writings.
النظرية العلمية لديكارت
Apart from Gaukroger’s biography of Descartes, one of the few recent
books to cover Descartes’s philosophy and science is Daniel Garber’s excellent
Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1992). Considerably older but still worth
consulting is Jonathan Rée, Descartes
(London: Allen Lane, 1974). More on Descartes’s philosophy and science can be
found in Desmond Clarke, Descartes’ Philosophy of
Science (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982), and the
collection of papers edited by Stephen Gaukroger, Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics, and Physics (Brighton:
Harvester, 1980).
Descartes’s science is considered in some depth in J. F. Scott,
The Scientific Work of René Descartes
(London: Taylor and Francis, 1952). Also useful is the chapter on Descartes in
volume 7 of Lynn Thorndike, History of Magic and
Experimental Science (New York: Columbia University Press,
1958).
For a more general survey, see Gerd Buchdahl, Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science: The Classical Origins—Descartes
to Kant (Oxford: Blackwell, 1969).
فلسفة ديكارت
Among the many good books on Descartes’s
philosophy, I mention: Anthony Kenny,
Descartes: A Study of his Philosophy (New
York: Random House, 1968); Harry Frankfurt, Demons,
Dreamers and Madmen: The Defence of Reason in Descartes’s
Metaphysics (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970); Bernard
Williams, Descartes: The Project of Pure
Enquiry (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978); E. M. Curley, Descartes against the Sceptics (Oxford: Blackwell,
1978); Margaret Wilson, Descartes (London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978); John Cottingham, Descartes (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986).
Recent collections of articles on Descartes’s philosophy include John
Cottingham (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to
Descartes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), Stephen
Voss, Essays on the Philosophy and Science of
Descartes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), and John
Cottingham (ed.), Reason, Will and Sensation: Essays on
Descartes’s Metaphysics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). A
collection of articles on the Objectors to the Meditations edited by Roger Ariew and Marjorie Grene (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1995) includes contributions from leading French
Descartes scholars.
النظرية الأخلاقية وكتابات ديكارت في الطب
Texts, including letters, relevant to a study of what Descartes calls
‘morals’, are assembled in John Blom (trans.), Descartes: His Moral Philosophy and Psychology (Hassocks:
Harvester, 1978).
Descartes’s medical writings are discussed and interpreted in Richard
Carter, Descartes’s Medical Philosophy
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).
تأثير ديكارت بعد وفاته
On Cartesianism in philosophy after Descartes’s death, see Norman
Kemp Smith, Studies in the Cartesian
Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1902), and Richard Watson,
The Downfall of Cartesianism 1673–1712
(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966).
The influence of Cartesian innatism in linguistics is discussed in
Part Three of S. Stich (ed.), Innate Ideas
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1975).
For an indication of reactions against Descartes in latter-day
philosophy, see Rée (cited above), and Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Oxford: Blackwell,
1980).
