قراءات إضافية
Good general accounts of the history of
heredity and genetics include: Ernest Mayr, The growth of biological thought: diversity,
evolution, and inheritance (Belknap Press, 1982);
Nicholas Russell, Like engend’ring like:
heredity and animal breeding in early modern
England (Cambridge University Press, 1986); Peter
J. Bowler, The Mendelian revolution: the
emergence of hereditarian concepts in modern science and
society (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989);
and John Farley, Gametes and spores:
ideas about sexual reproduction, 1750–1914 (Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1982).
الفصل الأول: النفس والبذور والشوفينية
For ancient thinking about sex and
heredity see Marten Stol, Birth in
Babylonia and the Bible (Brill Academic
Publishers, 2000); Conway Zirkle, ‘The early history of the
idea of the inheritance of acquired characters and of
pangenesis’, Transactions of the
American philosophical society, 35/2 (1946),
pp. 91–151; D. M. Balme, ‘Human is generated by human’, in
Gordon Dunstan (ed.), The human
embryo: Aristotle and the Arabic and European
traditions (University of Exeter Press,
1990); and Thomas Laqueur, making
sex: body and gender from the Greeks to Freud
(Harvard University Press, 1992). For detailed analyses of
Graeco-Roman ideas about gender, class, and ethnicity see:
Benjamin Isaac, The invention of
racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton
University Press, 2004), Greg Woolf, ‘Beyond Romans and
natives’, World
archaeology, Vol. 23/3 (1997), pp. 339–50,
Josiah Ober, Mass and elite in
democratic Athens: rhetoric, ideology, and the power of
the people (Princeton University Press,
1990), and P. A. L. Greenhalgh, ‘Aristocracy and its
advocates in Archaic Greece’, Greece
and Rome, 19 (1972), pp.
190–207.
الفصل الثاني: الجنس والبذرة والخطيئة في العصور الوسطى
Good accounts of medieval theories about
inheritance are: Helen Rodnite Lemay (ed.), Women’s secrets: a translation of
Pseudo-Albertus Magnus’s De secretis mulierum
(SUNY Press, 1992); Luke E. Demaitre, Leprosy in premodern medicine: a malady of
the whole body (Johns Hopkins University
Press, 2007); and Päivi Pahta, Medieval embryology in the vernacular: the
case of De spermate (Société néophilologique,
1998). For the application of the concept of heredity to
questions of gender, class, and ethnicity see: Joan Cadden,
The meanings of sex difference
in the Middle Ages: medicine, science, and
culture (Cambridge University Press, 1995);
David Crouch, The birth of nobility:
constructing aristocracy in England and France
900–1300 (Pearson Education, 2001); Jonathan
Spence, The Chan’s great continent:
China in western minds (W. W. Norton, 1998);
Robert Bartlett, The making of
Europe: conquest, colonization, and cultural change,
950–1350 (Princeton University Press, 1993);
Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Benjamin Isaac, and Joseh Zielger
(eds), The origins of racism in the
west (Cambridge University Press,
20.5).
الفصل الثالث: الوراثة في أوائل العالم الحديث ١٤٥٠–١٧٠٠
For theories about heredity Justin E.
H. Smith (ed.), The problem of
animal generation in early modern philosophy
(Cambridge University Press, 2006) and Staffan Müller-Wille
and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger (eds), Heredity produced: at the crossroads of biology,
politics, and culture, 1500–1870 (The MIT
Press, 2007). For the application of ideas of heredity see:
Jorge Esguerra, ‘New World, new stars: patriotic astrology
and the invention of Indian and Creole bodies in Colonial
Spanish America, 1600–1650’, American historical review,
104/1 (1999), pp. 133–68; Winthrop D. Jordan, White over black: American attitudes
toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (University of
North Carolina Press, 1968); and Alden T. Vaughan, ‘From
White Man to Redskin: changing Anglo-American perceptions of
the American Indian’, The American
historical review, 87/4 (Oct. 1982), pp.
917–53.
الفصل الرابع: الوراثة في عصر التنوير
Detailed accounts of Enlightenment
theories of heredity include Jacques Roger, The life sciences in eighteenth-century
French thought, ed. Keith R. Benson and
trans. Robert Ellrich (Stanford University Press, 1997);
Raymond Stephenson and Darren Wagner, The secrets of generation: reproduction in
the long eighteenth century (University of
Toronto Press, 20.7); and Clara Pinto Correia, The ovary of Eve: egg and sperm and
preformation (University of Chicago Press,
1998). For the use of concepts of heredity to talk about
gender, social class, and race see: Londa L. Schiebinger,
Nature’s body: gender in the
making of modern science (Rutgers University
Press, 2004); William Doyle, Aristocracy and its enemies in the age of
revolution (Oxford University Press, 2009);
and Ira Berlin, Many thousands gone:
the first two centuries of slavery in North
America (Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press, 1998).
الفصل الخامس: الوراثة في القرن التاسع عشر
For Victorian debates about heredity
see: Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: the
history of an idea (University of California
Press, 2009); Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: a biography,
vol. 1 & 2 (Princeton University Press, 1996 &
20.5); George W. Stocking, Jr, Victorian anthropology (Free Press, 1991);
and Warwick Anderson, ‘Climates of opinion: acclimatization
in nineteenth-century France and England’, Victorian studies, 35/2 (1992),
pp. 135–57. For the role of hereditarian concepts in
discussions of gender, class, and race: Caroll
Smith-Rosenberg and Charles Rosenberg, ‘The female animal:
medical and biological views of woman and her role in
nineteenth-century America’, The
journal of American history, 60/2 (1973), pp.
332–56; Stephen Jay Gould, The
mismeasure of man(W. W. Norton, 1996); Robin
Blackburn, The American crucible:
slavery, emancipation and human rights
(Verso, 20.5); Ronald Takaki, A
different mirror: a history of multicultural
America (Back Bay Books,
2008).
الفصل السادس: الجزيئات والبشر
For the history of genetic research
see: Garland Allen, Life science in
the twentieth century (John Wiley &
Sons, 1975); Horace Judson, The
eighth day of creation: makers of the revolution in
biology(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,
1996); Matthew Cobb, Life’s greatest
secret: the race to crack the genetic code
(Basic Books, 20.7). For the history of eugenics and
scientific racism: Daniel Kevles, In
the name of eugenics: genetics and the uses of human
heredity (Harvard University Press, 1995);
Mark B. Adams, The wellborn science:
eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and
Russia (Oxford University Press, 1990);
Alexandra Minna Stern, Eugenic
nation: faults and frontiers of better breeding in
modern America (University of California
Press, 20.7); and Elazar Barkan, The
retreat of scientific racism: changing concepts of race
in Britain and the United States between the World
Wars(Cambridge University Press,
1993).
For modern ideas of pedigree and
class: Arthur Marwick, Class: image
and reality in Britain, France and the USA since
1930 (Macmillan, 1990) and Nicholas Lemann,
The big test: the secret history
of the American meritocracy (Farrar, Straus
and Giroux, 2000). For ideas about gender see the essays
contained in Janet A. Kourany (ed.), The gender of science (Pearson, 2001) and
Carl N. Degler, In search of human
nature: the decline and revival of Darwinism in American
social thought (Oxford University Press,
1992).
الفصل السابع: آفاق جديدة
For good overviews of recent
developments in genetics and their practical and ethical
dimensions see: Siddhartha Mukherjee, The gene: an intimate history
(Scribner, 2016); Francis S. Collins, The language of life: DNA and the
revolution in personalized medicine (Harper
Perennial, 2011); Nicolas Rasmussen, Gene jockeys: life science and the rise of biotech
enterprise (Johns Hopkins University Press,
2014); Chris Stringer, Lone
survivors: how we came to be the only humans on
Earth (St Martin’s Griffin, 20.5); John
Harris, Enhancing evolution: the
ethical case for making better people
(Princeton University Press, 2010); Keith Wailoo, Alondra
Nelson, and Catherine Lee (eds), Genetics and the unsettled past: the collision of DNA,
race, and history (Rutgers University Press,
2012); and Brian G. Dias and Kerry J. Ressler, ‘Parental
olfactory experience influences behavior and neural
structure in subsequent generations’, Nature neuroscience, 17 (2014),
pp. 89–96.
For studies on human intelligence and
genetic variation see: Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson,
‘Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of
African Americans’, Journal of
personality and social psychology, 69/5
1995), pp. 797–811; N. A. Rosenberg et al., ‘Genetic
structure of human populations’, Science, 20/298 (2002), pp. 2381–5; and L.
M. Butcher et al., ‘Genome-wide quantitative trait locus
association scan of general cognitive ability using pooled
DNA and 500K single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays’,
Genes, brain and
behavior, 7/4 (2008), pp.
435–46.
For changes and continuities in
attitudes towards race, class, and gender, see: Martin
Gilens, Why Americans hate welfare:
race, media, and the politics of antipoverty
policy (University of Chicago Press, 2000);
Ramaswami Mahalingam, ‘Essentialism, power, and the
representation of social categories: a folk sociology
perspective’, Human
development, 50/6 (2007), pp. 300–19; Donald
R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic
Ideals (University of Chicago Press, 1996);
Paula England, ‘The gender revolution’, Gender & society, 24/2
(2010), pp. 149–66; Shelley J. Correll (ed.), Social psychology of gender (JAI Press
Inc., 2007); and Phillip Brown, ‘Education, opportunity
and the prospects for social mobility’, British journal of sociology of
education, 34 (20.5), pp.
678–700.
