زائر

تسجيل الاشتراك

لديك حساب؟ تسجيل دخول

  • ePub Logo
  • PDF Logo
  • Kindle Logo

ثبت المراجع

  • Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, London.
  • Appadurai, A. (1990) Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Public Culture 2(3), 1–23.
  • Archer, G. L. (1938) The History of Radio to 1926. The American Historical Society, New York.
  • Augé, M. (1995) Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Verso, London.
  • Baldasty, G. J. (1992) The Commercialization of News in the 19th Century. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
  • Barker, H. (2000) Newspapers, Politics and English Society. Longman, Edinburgh.
  • Basse, D. (1991) Wolff’s Telegaphisches Bureau 1849 bis 1933. Agenturpublizistik zwischen Politik und Wirtschaft. Kommunikation und Politik 21. K. G. Saur, Munich.
  • Bauman, Z. (2000) Liquid Modernity. Polity, Cambridge.
  • BBC Commissioning (2006) Available online at www.bbc.co.uk/commissioning/marketresearch/audiencegroup5.shtml. Accessed October 27, 2008.
  • Beale, P. O. (2005) England’s Mail. Two Millennia of Letter Writing. Tempus Publishing, Stroud.
  • Beck, U. (2000) What is Globalization? Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Beck, U. (2002) The cosmopolitan society and its enemies. Theory, Culture and Society 20(19), 17–44.
  • Bell, A. (1991) The Language of News Media. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Benét, V. (1933) The United Press. Fortune, May, 67–104.
  • Best, S. J., Chmielewski, B., and Krueger, B. S. (2005) Selective exposure to online foreign news during the conflict with Iraq. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10(4), 52–70.
  • Beynon, J. and Dunkerley, D. (eds) (2000) Globalization. The Reader. The Athlone Press, London.
  • Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism. Sage, London.
  • Black, J. (2001) The English Press 1621–1861. Sutton Publishing, Stroud.
  • Blanchard, M. A. (1987) The Associated Press antitrust suit: a philosophical clash over ownership of First Amendment rights. Business History Review 61(1): 43–85.
  • Blondheim, M. (1994) News Over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844–1897. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Boczkowski, P. (2004) Digitizing the News. Innovation in Online Newspapers. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Bolter, J. D. (1984) Turing’s Man. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Bolter, J. D. (1991) Writing Space. The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
  • Boyd-Barrett, O. (1980) The International News Agencies. Constable. London.
  • Boyd-Barrett, O. (1986) News agencies. Political constraints and market opportunities: the case of the “Big Four.” In: Kivikuru, U. and Varis, T. (eds) Textbook on Approaches to International Communication: Textbook for Journalism Education. Finnish National Commission for UNESCO, No 68, Helsinki, 67–93.
  • Boyd-Barrett, O. (1998) “Global” news agencies: Trends and issues over 150 years. In Boyd-Barrett, O. and Rantanen, T. (eds) The Globalization of News. Sage, London, 19–34.
  • Boyd-Barrett, O. (2000) Constructing the global, constructing the local. In: Malek, A. and Kavoori, A. P. (eds) The Global Dynamics of News. Ablex, Stamford, CT, 299–321.
  • Brake, D. (2008) A private interview on the Internet. London, May 20.
  • Braudel, F. (1979/1984) The Perspective of the World [Le temps du monde], trans. Siân Reynolds. Collins, London.
  • Briggs, A. and Burke, P. (2005) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet. 2nd edn, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Brown, L. (1985) Victorian News and Newspapers. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Bücher, K. (1908) Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft. H. Laupp, Tübingen.
  • Bücher, K. (1915) Unsere Sache und die Tagespresse. J. C. B. Mohr (P. Siebeck), Tübingen.
  • Burke, P. (1994) Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. Revised reprint. Scolar Press, Aldershot.
  • Carey, J. W. (1989) Communication as Culture. Essays on Media and Society. Unwin Hyman, Boston, MA.
  • Carey, J. W. (1998) The Internet and the end of the national communication system: uncertain predictions of an uncertain future. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 75(1), 28–34.
  • Carlson, M. (2007) Order versus access: news search engines and the challenge to traditional journalistic roles. Media, Culture and Society 29(6), 1014–1030.
  • Castells, M. (1989) The Informational City. Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban-Regional Process. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Certeau de, M. (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Chalaby, J. K. (1996) Journalism as an Anglo-American invention. European Journal of Communication 11(3), 303–326.
  • Chalaby, J. K. (1998) The Invention of Journalism. Macmillan Press, Basingstoke.
  • Chalaby, J. K. (2005) From internationalization to transnationalization. Global Media and Communication 1(1), 28–32.
  • Cherry, C. (1977) The telephone system: creator of mobility and social change. In: De Sola Pool, I. (ed.) The Social Impact of the Telephone. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 112–127.
  • Chyi, H. I. and Sylvie, G. (2001) The medium is global, the content is not: the role of geography in online newspaper markets. Journal of Media Economics 14(4), 231–248.
  • Clanchy, M. T. (1979/1994) From Memory to Written Record. England 1066–1307. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Cooper, K. (1942) Barriers Down. The Story of the News Agency Epoch. J. J. Little and Ives Company, New York.
  • Cowling, J. (2005) Digital news: genie’s lamp or Pandora’s box? Paper given at IPPR Seminar News and Information: Where Next? The Professionals’ View. London, May 27, 2005.
  • Crang, M. (1998) Cultural Geography. Routledge, London.
  • Creel, G. (1920) How We Advertised America. The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information that Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe. Harper and Brothers, New York.
  • Cuthbert, M. (1980) Reaction to international news agencies: 1930s and 1970s compared. Gazette 42(26), 99–110.
  • Czitrom, D. J. (1982) Media and the American Mind. From Morse to McLuhan. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Darnton, R. (1995) The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France. W. W. Norton and Company, New York.
  • Darnton, R. (2000) An early information society: news and the media in eighteenth-century Paris. The American Historical Review, 105(1), 1–35.
  • Davis, L. J. (1980) A social history of fact and fiction: authorial disavowal in the early English novel. In: Said, E. D. (ed.) Literature and Society. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 120–148.
  • Davis, L. J. (1983) Factual Fictions. The Origins of the English Novel. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
  • Desmond, R. W. (1937) The Press and World Affairs. D. Appleton-Century Company, New York.
  • Deuze, M. (2003) The Web and its journalism: considering the consequences of different types of new media online. New Media and Society 5(2), 203–230.
  • Dörfler, E. and Pensold, W. (2001) Die Macht der Nachricht. Die Geschichte der Nachrichtenagenturen in Österreich. Molden Verlag, Vienna.
  • Dreyfus, H. L. (1995) Being-in-the-World. A Commentary on Heidegger’s Being and Time, division I. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Du Boff, R. B. (1984) The rise of communications regulation: the telegraph industry. Journal of Communication 34(3), 52–66.
  • Eisenstein, E. L. (1979/2005) The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Eisenstein, E. L. (1997) The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Elliot, P. and Golding, P. (1974) Mass communication and social change. In: De Kadt, E. and Williams, K. (eds) Sociology and Development. Tavistock, London, 229–254.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911a) Newspapers. 11th edition, Vol. XIX. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 544–581.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911b) “Telegraph,” 11th edition, Vol. XXVI. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 510–540.
  • Entrikin, J. N. (1991) The Betweenness of Place. Towards a Geography of Modernity. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
  • Ferguson, M. (1990) Electronic media and the redefining of time and space. In: Ferguson, M. (ed.) Public Communication. The New Imperatives. Future Directions for Media Research. Sage, London, 152–172.
  • Feuilherade, P. (2004) Online newspapers tempt readers. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3767267.stm, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Fields, G. (2004) Territories of Profit: Communications, Capitalist Development, and Innovation at G. F. Swift and Dell Computer. Stanford Business Books, Stanford, CA.
  • The Flow of News (1953) The International Press Institute, Zurich.
  • Fourth Pacific Science Congress (1929). Batavia-Bandoeng (Java), May-June. Historical review of the development of the telegraph-telephone and radio services in the Pacific by the post-telegraph and telephone service in the Netherlands Indies. N. V. Drukkeru Maks and V. S. Klits, Bandoeng.
  • Frédérix, P. (1959) Un siècle de chasse aux nouvelles: de l’agence d’information Havas à l’Agence France-Presse. Flammarion, Paris.
  • Fuchs, F. (1919) Telegraphische Nachrichtenbüros. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.
  • Galtung, J. and Ruge, M. H. (1965) The structure of foreign news. the presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research 2(1), 64–91.
  • Gans, H. (1979) Deciding What’s News. Pantheon, New York.
  • Garnham, N. (1994) Capitalism and Communication: Global Culture and the Economics of Information. Sage, London.
  • Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Gillespie, A. and Robins, R. (1989) Geographical inequalities: the spatial bias of the news communications technologies. Journal of Communication 39(3), 7–18.
  • Gitlin, T. (2003) The Whole World is Watching. Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Gramling, O. (1940) AP: The Story of the News. Farrar and Rinehart, Inc., New York.
  • Groth, O. (1928) Die Zeitung. J. Bensheimer, Mannheim.
  • Gurevich, A. J. (1972) Categories of Medieval Culture. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
  • Habermas, J. (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Polity Press, Oxford.
  • Hachtmann, R. (2001) The European capital cities in the revolution of 1848. In: Dowe, D., Haupt, H.-G., Langewiesche, D., and Sperber, J. (eds) Europe in 1848. Revolution and Reform, trans. David Higgins. Berghahn Books, New York, 341–370.
  • A Half Century of Cable Service to The Three Americas, 1878–1928. All America Cables Inc, New York.
  • Hallin, D. C. (1986) Where? Cartography, community, and the cold war. In: Manoff, R. K. and Schudson, M. (eds) Reading the News. Pantheon Books, New York, 109–145.
  • Hannerz, U. (1996) Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. Routledge, London.
  • Hargreaves, I. (2000) Is there a future for foreign news? Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 20(1), 55–61.
  • Hargreaves, I. and Thomas, J. (2002) New News, Old News. Broadcasting Standards Commission, London.
  • Harris, M. (1978) 1620–1780. In: Boyce, G., Curran, J., and Wingate, P. (eds) Newspaper History: from the 17th Century to the Present Day. Constable, London, 82–97.
  • Harris, M. (1990) A few shillings for small books: the experiences of a flying stationer in the 18th century. In: Myers, R. and Harris, M. (eds) Spreading the Word: The Distribution Networks of Print 1550–1850. St Paul’s Bibliographies, Winchester, 83–108.
  • Harris, P. (1977) News dependence: the case for a new world information order. Unpublished final report to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization of a study of the international news media.
  • Hart, J. A. (1970) The Developing Views on the News Editorial Syndrome 1500–1800. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL.
  • Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Harvey, D. (1993) From space to place and back again: reflections on the condition of postmodernity. In: Bird, J., Curtis, B., Putnam, T., and Tickner, L. (eds) Mapping the Futures. Local Culture, Global Change. Routledge, London 3–29.
  • Haupt, H.-G. and Langewiesche, D. (2001) The European revolution of 1848. Its political and social reforms, its politics of nationalism, and its short- and long-term consequences. In: Dowe, D., Haupt, H.-G., Langewiesche, D., and Sperber, J. (eds) Europe in 1848. Revolution and Reform, trans. David Higgins. Berghahn Books, New York, 1–24.
  • Headrick, D. R. (1991) The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics 1851–1945. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Heidegger, M. (1995) Being and Time. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Heimbürger, H. (1938) Svenska telegraphverket. Det statliga telefonväsendet 1881–1902 Televerket, Vol. 1. Stockholm.
  • Hesmondhalgh, D. (2002) The Cultural Industries. Sage, London.
  • Hindman, M., Tsioutsiouliklis, K., and Johnson, J. A. (2003) Googlearchy: how a few heavily linked sites dominate politics online. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Available online at www.johnkeane.net/pdf_docs/teaching_sources/google/google.pdf, accessed November 1, 2008.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1975) The Age of Capital 1848–1875. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
  • Hohenberg, J. (1973) Free Press, Free People: The Best Cause. Free Press, New York.
  • Höhne, H. (1977) Report über Nachrichtenagenturen 2. Die Geschichte der Nachricht und ihrer Verbreiter. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden.
  • Hongladarom, S. (2002) The web of time and the dilemma of globalization. The Information Society 18(1), 241–249.
  • Hönig, E. A. (1998) Printing and the Market in Early Modern Antwerp. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Hoskins, C., McFadyen, S., and Finn, A. (1997) Global Television and Film. An Introduction to the Economics of the Business. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Hoskins, C., McFadyen, S., and Finn, A. (2004) Media Economics. Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Höyer, S. (2003) Newspapers without journalists. Journalism Studies 4(4), 451–463.
  • Hunter, J. P. (1989) News and new things. In: Desan, P., Parkhurst Ferguson, P., and Griswold, W. (eds) Literature and Social Practice. University of Chicago Press Chicago, 114–136.
  • Hunter, J. P. (1990) Before Novels. The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth- Century English Fiction. W. E. Norton and Company, New York.
  • Ingmar, G. (1973) Monopol på nyheter. Ekonomiska och politiska aspekter på svenska och internationella nyhetsbyråers verksamhet 1870–1919. Esselte Studium, Uppsala.
  • Innis, H. (1950/1972) Empire and Communication. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
  • Kahn, A. E. (1968) Cartels and trade associations. In: Sills, D. L. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Macmillan, New York, 320–325.
  • Kern, S. (1983) The Culture of Time and Space 1880–1918. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Kiss, J. (2008) Newspaper ABCs. Soaring online user figures offer solace- and challenges. Available online at www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/feb/25/pressandpublishing.abcs, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Koch, U. F. (2001) Power and impotence of the press in 1848: France and Germany in comparison. In: Dowe, D., Haupt, H.-G., Langewiesche, D., and Sperber, J. (eds) Europe in 1848. Revolution and Reform, trans. David Higgins. Berghahn Book, New York, 559–584.
  • Lash, S. and J. Urry (1994) Economies of Signs and Space. Sage, London.
  • Lee, H. and Liebenau, J. (2000) Time and the Internet at the turn of the millennium. Time and Society 9(1), 43–56.
  • Lee, H. and Whitley, E. A. (1999) Time and information technology: monochronicity, polychronity and temporal symmetry. European Journal of Information Systems 8(1), 16–26.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Le Goff, J. (1980) Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Lenhart, A. and Fox, S. (2006) Bloggers: A portrait of the Internet’s new storytellers. A Pew Research Center for The People and The Press Report. Available online at www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/186/report_display.asp, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Lowe, D. M. (1982) History of Bourgeois Perception. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Lowery, W. (2006) Mapping the journalism-blogging relationship. Journalism 7(4), 477–500.
  • MacBride, S. (1980) Many Voices, One World: Towards a New and More Efficient Information and Communication Order. Kogan Page, London.
  • Matheson, D. (2004) Weblogs and the epistemology of the news: some trends in online journalism. New Media and Society 6(4), 443–468.
  • Mattelart, A. (2000) Networking the World 1794–2000. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
  • McCarthy, C. (2006) Google reveals payment deal with AP. Available online at http://news.zdnet.com/2100–9588_22–6102109.html, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • McClatchy, V. S. (1919) Statement. Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. House of Representatives. 66th Congress 1st Session. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 4–21.
  • McIntosh, S. (2005) Web review: blogs: has their time finally come-or gone? Global Media and Communication 1(4), 385–388.
  • McNeill, J. R. and McNeill, W. H. (2003) The Human Web. A Bird’s Eye View of World History. W.W. Norton and Company, New York.
  • Meyrowitz, J. (1985) No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behaviour. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Morley, D. and Robins, K. (1995) Spaces of Identity: Global Media, Electronic Landscapes and Cultural Boundaries. Routledge, London.
  • Morris, J. (2008) A personal interview on blogging. London, May 15.
  • Mumford, L. (1934) Technics and Civilization. Harcourt, Brace, and Co, New York.
  • Naujoks E. (1963) Bismarck und das Wolffsche Telegraphenbüro. Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, 14(22), 605–616.
  • Negroponte, N. (1995) Being Digital. Vintage Books, New York.
  • Nerone, J. and Barnhurst, K. (2001) The Form of News: a History. Guilford Press, New York and London.
  • Nicholas, D. (2003) Urban Europe, 1100–1700. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
  • Nowotny, H. (1994) Time: Modern and Postmodern Experience, trans. N. Plaice. Polity Press, Oxford, Cambridge.
  • Oates, J. (2005) AFP sues Google. Agence France Presse is suing Google for linking to its news stories. Available online at www.theregister.co.uk/2005/03/21/afp_sues_google/, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Ong, W. J. (1982) Orality and Literacy. The Technologizing of the World. Routledge, London.
  • Palmer, M. (1976) L’agence Havas et Bismarck. L’echec de la Triple Alliance Télégraphique (1887–1889). Revue d’histoire diplomatique July/December, 321–357.
  • Palser, B. (2002) Journalistic blogging. American Journalism Review July/August. Available online at www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=2571, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Park, R. E. (1922) The Immigrant Press and Its Control. Harper and Brothers, New York.
  • Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., and McKenzie, R. D. (1967) The City. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Paterson, C. (2006) News Agency Dominance in International News on the Internet. Papers in International and Global Communication No. 01/06. Centre for International Communications Research, Leeds University. Available online at http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/cicr/exhibits/42/cicrpaterson.pdf, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Pennanen, S. (2007) Lapset uutisten katsojina—5-6 vuotiaiden käsityksiä ja kokemuksia uutisista. [5- to 6-year-old children’s impressions and experiences on TV news]. Tiedotustutkimus 30(2), 17–31.
  • Pentikäinen, J. Y. (1989) Kalevala Mythology, trans. and ed. Ritva Poom. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  • Perry, J. (2007) Whose news: Who is the political news gatekeeper in the early 21st century? Unpublished PhD dissertation. Department of Media and Communications. London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Philips, P. (2007) New news future news. Available online at www.ofcom.org.uk/media/speeches/2007/07/nnfn, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Potter, S. J. (2003) News and the British World. The Emergence of an Imperial Press System, 1876–1922. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Putnis, P. (2002) New Media Regulation: The Case of Copyright in Telegraphic News in Australia, 1869–1912. Paper prepared for Communications Research Forum, Canberra, October 2002.
  • Quah, D. (2003) The Weightless Economy, available online at http://econ.lse.ac.uk/~dquah/tweirl0.html, accessed July 26, 2004.
  • The Radio Industry. The Story of its Development (1928) A. W. Shaw Company, Chicago.
  • Rantanen, T. (1987) ‘STT:n uutisia’ sadan vuoden varrelta. Weilin & Göös, Espoo.
  • Rantanen, T. (1990) Foreign News in Imperial Russia: The Relationship between International and Russian News Agencies, 1856–1914. Federation of Finnish Scientific Societies, Helsinki.
  • Rantanen, T. (1992) Mr Howard Goes to South America: The United Press Associations and Foreign Expansion. Roy W. Howard Monographs in Journalism and Mass Communication Research, 2. School of Journalism, Indiana University, Bloomington.
  • Rantanen, T. (1994) Howard Interviews Stalin. How the AP, UP and TASS Smashed the International News Cartel. Roy W. Howard Monographs in Journalism and Mass Communication Research, 3. School of Journalism, Indiana University, Bloomington.
  • Rantanen, T. (1997) The Globalisation of News in the 19th Century. Media Culture and Society 19(4), 605–620.
  • Rantanen, T. (1998) After Five O’Clock Friends. Kent Cooper and Roy W. Howard. Roy H. Howard Monographs in Journalism and Mass Communication Research, 4. School of Journalism, Indiana University, Bloomington.
  • Rantanen, T. (2002) The Global and the National. Media and Communications in Post-Communist Russia. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD.
  • Rantanen, T. (2005) Cosmopolitanization Now! An interview with Ulrich Beck. Global Media and Communication 1(3), 247–263.
  • Rantanen, T. (2006a) Flows and contra-flows in transitional societies. Russia and China compared, In: Thussu, D. K. (ed.) The Global Media Bazaar: Contra-Flow in Cultural Products. Routledge, London, 165–181.
  • Rantanen, T. (2006b) News agencies. their structure and operation revisited. Paper presented at the EANA Conference in Geneva, September.
  • Rantanen, T. and Boyd-Barrett, O. (2001) State news—a time for reevaluation? Medien und Zeit, 16(4), 38–45.
  • Read, D. (1994) Reuters: news agency of the British Empire. Contemporary Record 8(2), 195–212.
  • Read, D. (1999) The Power of News. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Reese, S. D., Rutigliano, L., Hyun, K., and Jeong, J. (2007) Mapping the blogosphere: Professional and citizen-based media in the global news arena. Journalism 8(3), 235–261.
  • Reitz, J. (1991) Das Deutsche Nachrichtenbüro. In: Wilke, J. (ed.) Telegraphenbüros und Nachrictenagenturen in Deutschland. Untersuchungen zu ihrer Geschichte bis 1949. K. G. Saur, Munich, 213–264.
  • Relph, E. (1976) Place and Placelessness. Pion, London.
  • Rifkin, J. (1987) Time Wars: The Primary Conflict in Human History. H. Holt, New York.
  • Rings, J. (1936) Amerikanische Nachrichtenagenturen. Drück der Limburger Vereinsdrückerei, Berlin.
  • Robertson, R. (1992) Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. Sage, London.
  • Rogers, W. S. (1919a) Statement. Hearing before a Subcommittee on Naval Affairs. US Senate. 66th Congress. First session on the government ownership or control of radiotelegraphy and cable communication in its military and commercial aspects, In: Use of Naval Stations for Commercial Purposes. Part 1. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2–20.
  • Rogers, W. S. (1919b) Testimony. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs. House of Representatives. 66th Congress, first session on H.R. 9822. In: Use of Naval Stations for Commercial Purposes. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 103–118.
  • Roschko, B. (1975) Newsmaking. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Rosewater, V. (1930) History of Cooperative News-gathering in the United States. D. Appleton and Company, New York.
  • Rowbotham, S. (2000) Promise of a Dream. Penguin Press, London.
  • Sack, D. (1992) Place, Modernity, and the Consumer’s World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
  • Sambrook, R. (2006) How the net is transforming news. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4630890.stm, accessed May 24, 2008.
  • Sandbothe, M. (1997) The Transversal Logic of the World Wide Web. A Philosophical Analysis. Paper given at the 11th Annual Computers and Philosophy Conference in Pittsburgh (PA). Available online at www.sandbothe.net, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Sandbothe, M. (1998) The temporalization of time in modern philosophy. In: Baert, P. (ed.) Time in Modern Intellectual Thought. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Available online at www.sandbothe.net, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Sandbothe, M. (1999) Media temporalities of the Internet: philosophies of time and media in Derrida and Rorty. AI and Society 13(4), 421–434.
  • Sarnoff, D. (1928) The Development of the Radio Art and Radio Industry since 1920. A lecture delivered before the Harvard Business School, April 16, 1928, Boston.
  • Sassen, S. (1991/2001) The Global City. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • Sassen, S. (1994/2006) Cities in a World Economy. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Sassen, S. (1996) Losing Control. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Sassen, S. (2004) Local actors in global politics. Current Sociology 52(4), 649–670.
  • Scannell, P. (1996) Radio, Television and Modern Life. A Phenomenological Approach. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Schivelbusch, W. (1978) Railroad space and railroad time. New German Critique 5(14), 31–40.
  • Schlesinger, P. R. (1995) Europeanisation and the Media: National Identity and the Public Sphere, Arena Working Paper, 7. Norwegian Research Council, Oslo.
  • Schudson, M. (1978) Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. Basic Books, New York.
  • Schudson, M. (1995) The Power of News. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Schwarzlose, R. A. (1989) The Formative Years, from Pretelegraph to 1865. The Rush to Institution, from 1865 to 1920. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL.
  • Seely Brown, J. and Duguid, P. (2002) Local knowledge: innovation in the networked age. Management Learning 33(4), 427–437.
  • Shaaber, M. (1929) Some Forerunners of the Newspaper in England, 1476–1622. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
  • Shmanske, S. (1986) News as a public good: cooperative ownership, price commitments, and the success of the Associated Press. Business History Review, 60(1), 55–80.
  • Singer, J. B. (2005) The political j-blogger: “Normalizing” a new media form to fit old norms and practices. Journalism. 6(2), 173–198.
  • Slezkine, Y. (2004) The Jewish Century. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • Smith, A. (1978) The long road to objectivity and back again: the kinds of truth we get in journalism. In: Boyce, G., Curran, J., and Wingate, P. (eds) Newspaper History: From the 17th Century to the Present Day. Sage/Constable, London, 153–171.
  • Smith, A. (1979) The Newspaper. An International History. Thames and Hudson, London.
  • Smith, W. D. (1984) The function of commercial centers in the modernization of European capitalism: Amsterdam as an information exchange in the seventeenth century. The Journal of Economic History 44(4), 985–1005.
  • Soja, E. W. (1989) Postmodern Geographies. The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. Verso, London.
  • Spufford, P. (2002) Power and Profit. The Merchant in Medieval Europe. Thames and Hudson, London.
  • Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. with Nordenstreng, K., Stevenson, R., and Ugboajah, F. (1985) Foreign News in the Media. International Reporting in 29 countries. Reports and Papers on Mass Communication, No 93, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris.
  • Standage, T. (1998) The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s Online Pioneer. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
  • Stangerup, H. (1973/74) Avisens historie, Vols 1–3, Politikens Forlag and J. W. Cappelens Forlag, Copenhagen.
  • The State of the News Media 2008. An Annual Report on American Journalism. Available online at www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2008/narrative_online_citizen_media.php?cat=6&media=5, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Stephens, M. (1988) A History of News. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth, TX.
  • Stone, M. (1921) Fifty Years a Journalist. Doubleday, Page, and Co., New York.
  • Storey, G. (1951) Reuters’ Century 1851–1951. Parrish, London.
  • Swindler, W. F. (1946) The AP anti-trust case in historical perspective. Journalism Quarterly, 23(4): 40–57.
  • Taylor, P. J. (2004) World City Network. A Global Urban Analysis. Routledge, London.
  • Thompson, J. B. (1994) Social theory and the media. In: Crowley, D. and Mitchell, D. (eds) Communication Theory Today. Polity Press, Cambridge, 27–43.
  • Thompson, J. B. (1995) The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of Media. Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Tomlinson, J. (1994) A phenomenology of globalisation? Giddens on global modernity. European Journal of Communication 9(2), 149–172.
  • Turkle, S. (1984) The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. Simon and Schuster, New York.
  • UNESCO (1953) News Agencies. Their Structure and Operation. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris.
  • UNESCO (1956) The Problems of Transmitting Press Messages United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Lausanne.
  • Van Couvering, E. (2008a) The history of the Internet search engine: navigational media and the traffic commodity. In Spink, A. and Zimmer, M. (eds) Web Search: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 177–206.
  • Van Couvering, E. (2008b) A personal interview on search engines. London, April 17.
  • Van der Wurff, R. (2005) Introduction: impacts of the Internet on newspapers in Europe. Gazette, 67(1): 5–7.
  • Vincent, D. (1989) Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Wallenstein, A. (2007) Yahoo news to tilt to a lilt. Available online at www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSN2238102420070222, accessed May 22, 2008.
  • Waters, M. (1995) Globalization. Routledge, London.
  • Wilke, J. (1984) Nachrichtenauswahl und Medienrealität in Vier Jahrhunderten. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
  • Williams, F. (1953) Transmitting World News. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris.
  • Winterbottom, W. A. (1929) Testimony before the Committee on Interstate Commerce. US Senate, 71st Congress, 2nd Session. In Commission on Communications. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 287–307.
  • Young, O. D. (1929) Testimony before the Committee on Interstate Commerce. US Senate, 71st Congress, 2nd Session. In Commission on Communications. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 20–47.
  • Zelizer, B. (1993) Journalists as interpretive communities, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 10(2): 219–37.
الرجوع إلى الصفحة الرئيسية للكتاب

جميع الحقوق محفوظة لمؤسسة هنداوي © ٢٠٢٤