ملاحظات
مقدمة
(1)
René Descartes, “Comments on a Certain Broadsheet” (1648), in
The Philosophical Writings of
Descartes. Vol. 1, trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff,
and Dugald Murdoch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987):
307.
الفصل الأول: اندثار المبارزة
(1)
Christopher Hibbert, Wellington: A
Personal History (Reading, MA: Perseus/HarperCollins,
1999): 275.
(2)
Wellington, Despatches,
Correspondence, and
Memoranda, V:
542.
(3)
Joseph Hendershot Park, ed., British Prime Ministers of the Nineteenth Century: Policies and
Speeches (Manchester, NH: Ayer Publishing, 1970):
62.
(4)
Wellington, Despatches,
V: 527.
(5)
Greville, Memoirs,
250.
(6)
A copy of the note, from the archives of King’s College
London, is at
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/archives/wellington/duel08a.htm.
(7)
Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws
of England
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1765–69), Bk IV, chapter 14, “Of Homicide”;
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk4ch14.asp.
(8)
Sir Algernon West, Recollections:
1832–1886 (New York & London: Harper & Bros.,
1900): 27.
(9)
Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur
the original edition of William Caxton now reprinted and edited with
an introduction and glossary by H. Oskar Sommer; with an essay on
Malory’s prose style by Andrew Lang (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative, 1997): 291;
http://name.umdl.umich.edu/MaloryWks2.
(10)
Stewart, Honor,
44–47.
(11)
Hugh Lloyd-Jones, “Honor and Shame in Ancient
Greek Culture,” in Greek Comedy, Hellenistic Literature, Greek Religions,
and Miscellanea: The Academic Papers of Sir Hugh
Lloyd-Jones (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990):
279.
(12)
For Asante in the nineteenth century, see John Iliffe,
Honor in African History
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004):
83–91.
(13)
Homer, The
Iliad, trans. Robert Fagles (New York: Viking
Penguin, 1990): 523.
(14)
Kiernan, The Duel in European
History, 216.
(15)
Ibid.,
102.
(16)
Ibid.,
190.
(17)
Hamilton, The Duelling
Handbook, 138. (quoted slightly differently in Robert
Baldick, The Duel: A History of
Duelling [London: Hamlyn, 1970]: 33-34). Cited in
Douglass H. Yarn, “The Attorney as Duelist’s Friend: Lessons from The
Code Duello,” 51, Case W. Res. L.
Rev., 69 (2000): 75-76, n. 71.
(18)
Wellington, Despatches,
V: 539.
(19)
Tresham Lever, The Letters of Lady
Palmerston: Selected and Edited from the Originals at Broadlands and
Elsewhere (London: John Murray, 1957):
118.
(20)
Frances Shelley, The Diary of
Frances Lady Shelley, ed. R. Edgecumbe (London: John
Murray, 1913): 74.
(21)
Hamilton, The Duelling
Handbook, 140.
(22)
Wellington, Despatches,
V: 539.
(23)
Ibid, V:
544.
(24)
Lord Broughton (John Cam Hobhouse), Recollections of a Long Life with Additional Extracts from His
Private Diaries, ed. Lady Dorchester. Vol. 3: 1822–1829 (New York: Charles
Scribners Sons, 1910): 312-13.
(25)
V. Cathrein, “Duel,” in The
Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 5 (New York: Robert Appleton
Company, 1909);
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05184b.htm.
(26)
Council of Trent, 25th Session, Dec. 3 and 4, 1563, “On
Reformation,” chapter 19. Available at
http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0432/_P2J.HTM.
(27)
Francis Bacon, The Letters and the
Life of Francis Bacon, Vol. 4, ed. James Spedding
(London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1868):
400.
(28)
Edward Herbert, The Autobiography
of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, ed. Will H. Dircks
(London: Walter Scott, 1888): 22.
(29)
Amelot de Houssaye, cited in Charles Mackay, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the
Madness of Crowds (Ware, Herts: Wordsworth Editions,
1995): 668.
(30)
Bacon, Letters and
Life, 400. Those “pamphlets” are the duello
codes.
(31)
This is John Chamberlain’s description of the situation in
the letter of 1613 in which he lists the disputes just mentioned.
Spedding (ed.) cites it in Bacon, op.
cit., 396.
(32)
Bacon, op. cit., 409,
399.
(33)
William Hazlitt, The Complete Works
of William Hazlitt, ed. P. P. Howe (London &
Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1934), Vol. 19:
368.
(34)
Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to
the Principles of Morals
and Legislation (1823) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907),
chapter 13, para. 2;
http://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML13.html#Chapter%20XIIl,%20Cases%20Unmeet%20for%20Punishment.
(35)
William Robertson, The
History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V
(New York: Harper & Bros., 1836):
225.
(36)
David Hume, Essays, Moral,
Political, and Literary. Library of Economics and
Liberty, at
http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Hume/hmMPL50.html.
(37)
Francis Hutcheson, Philosophiae
moralis institutio compendiaria with A Short Introduction
to Moral
Philosophy, ed. Luigi Turco (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund,
2007). Chapter XV: Of Rights Arising from Damage Done, and the Rights of
War,
http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2059.
(38)
Hamilton, The Duelling
Handbook, 125.
(39)
Adam Smith, Lectures on
Jurisprudence, ed. R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael, and P. G.
Stein. Vol. 5 of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis:
Liberty Fund, 1982). Chapter: Friday, January 21st, 1763;
http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/196.
(40)
William Godwin, An Enquiry
Concerning Political Justice, and
its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness, Vol. 1
(London: G. G. J. & J. Robinson, 1793). Chapter: Appendix, No. II:
Of Duelling;
http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/90/40264.
(41)
Boswell, The Life of Samuel
Johnson, LL.D. Together with the Journal of a Tour to the
Hebrides, ed. Napier, V: 195.
(42)
Voltaire,
Dictionnaire Philosophique, Oeuvres
Complètes de Voltaire
(Paris: De l’lmprimerie de la Société Litteraire-Typographique, 1784),
Vol. 36: 400.
(43)
David Hume, The History of England
from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in
1688 (1778), 6 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983),
Vol. 3: 169.
(44)
Boswell, op.
cit., 2: 343.
(45)
From the account offered by King’s College London at
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/archives/wellington/duell2.htm.
(46)
This cartoon is available, with another better known one of
the event by William Heath, on the Web site of King’s College London at
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/archives/wellington/duell6.htm.
(47)
I am very grateful to Philip Pettit for this
suggestion.
(48)
Greville, Memoirs,
196.
(49)
Ibid.,
198.
(50)
Ibid.,
199.
(51)
Hibbert, Wellington: A Personal
History, 275. The Literary
Gazette is cited by Hamilton (op.
cit., xiv).
(53)
Duke of Wellington, Despatches, V: 585.
(54)
Bacon, op. cit.,
400.
(55)
Richard Cobden, Speeches on
Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden
M.P., ed. John Bright and James E. Thorold Rogers
(London: Macmillan & Co., 1878):
565.
(56)
Mill, Collected Works of John
Stuart Mill. Vol. 18: Essays on
Politics and Society Part I, ed. John M. Robson (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press; London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977).
Chapter: De Tocqueville on Democracy in America [II], 1840,
http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/233/16544/799649.
(57)
Lord Broughton, op.
cit., 312.
(58)
John Henry Cardinal Newman, The
Idea of a University (London: Longmans, Green & Co.,
1919): 208.
(59)
James Kelly, That Damn’d Thing
Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland 1570–1860 (Cork: Cork
University Press, 1995): 267.
(60)
James Landale, The Last Duel: A
True Story of Death and Honour (Edinburgh: Canongate,
2005).
(61)
Kiernan, The Duel in European
History, 218, says that this “has been called the last
duel in England.” He makes his case less plausible by putting the affair
three years too early, in
1849.
(62)
Sir Algernon West, Recollections, 28, quoting Horace, Satires, Bk 2, 1. Line 86 is “Solventur
risu tabulae, tu missus abibis,” (I’ve corrected Sir Algernon’s
“solvuntur,” though it is often misquoted that way)—“The charges will be
dismissed with laughter; released, you will leave.” Horace is pointing
out that a libel
action—tabulae are the elements laid before a judge—will be dismissed
with laughter if the scandalous verses complained of are funny
enough.
(63)
Sir William Gregory, An
Autobiography, ed. Lady Gregory (London: John Murray,
1894): 149–51.
(64)
Evelyn Waugh, The Sword of Honour
Trilogy (New York: Knopf, 1994):
449.
الفصل الثاني: تحرير الأقدام الصينية
(1)
Quoted in Howard S. Levy, Chinese Footbinding: The History of a Curious Erotic
Custom (New York: Walton Rawls, 1966):
72.
(2)
Robert Hart, The I.G. in Peking:
Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs
(1868–1907), ed. John King Fairbank, Katherine Frost Brunner, and
Elizabeth MacLeod Matheson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1976) Vol. 2: 1311.
(3)
Keith Laidler, The Last Empress:
The She-Dragon of China (Chichester: John Wiley &
Sons, 2003): 32.
(4)
Timothy Richard, Forty-five Years
in China (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1916):
253, et seq.
(5)
John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2006): 229.
(6)
Richard, op. cit.,
262.
(7)
Weng Tonghe: tutor of Tongzhi (r. 1861–75) and Guangxu
emperors. Kang’s friendship with Weng Tonghe dated back to 1895. See
Kang, Kang Nanhai zibian nianpu,
33–37 (Hsueh-Yi Lin, personal communication, Feb. 17,
2009).
(8)
Yong Z. Volz, “Going Public Through Writing:
Women Journalists and Gendered
Journalistic Space in China, 1890s–1920s,” Media
Culture Society, vol., 29, no. 3 (2007):
469–89.
(9)
Levy, op. cit.,
72.
(10)
Ibid. I have
amended and extended Levy’s translation here on the basis of
Hsueh-Yi Lin’s translation of the original. Kang Youwei, “Qing
jin funü guozu zhe” (“Memorial Pleading to Ban the Footbinding
of Women”), in Tang Zhijun, ed., Kang
Youwei zhenglun ji (Beijing: Zhonghua, 1981):
335. She also informs me that the last sentence here is “a
common rhetorical device in a memorial” (Personal communication,
Feb. 17, 2009).
(11)
Brennan and Pettit, The Economy of
Esteem, 19.
(12)
Levy op. cit.,
39.
(13)
Ibid.
(14)
Mrs. Archibald Little, The Land of
the Blue Gown (London: T. Fisher & Unwin, 1902):
363.
(15)
Gerry Mackie, “Ending Footbinding and Infibulation:
A Convention Account,” American
Sociological Review, vol. 61, no. 6 (December,
1996): 1008.
(16)
Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng, The
Golden Lotus, trans. Clement Egerton Vol 1:101
(my edition has the publication details in Chinese). Levy
(op. cit., 51) expresses
some doubts as to the reliability of Egerton’s
translation.
(17)
Levy, op. cit.,
55.
(18)
Ibid.,
60.
(19)
Chau, MA Thesis, 13–16.
(20)
Levy, op. cit.,
283-84.
(21)
Ibid,
107.
(22)
Ibid., 65,248,
118.
(23)
Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese
History: A Manual, rev. edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2000): 273–77. The emperor’s reign officially ended in
1795, after sixty years on the throne, apparently because piety required
him not to rule longer than his predecessor; but he continued as regent
until his death in 1799.
(24)
Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Cambridge
Illustrated History of China (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996): 199.
(25)
Kwang-Ching Liu, Foreword, in ibid., 6.
(26)
Ibid.,
229.
(27)
Harley Farnsworth MacNair, Modern
Chinese History: Selected Readings (Shanghai: Commercial
Press Ltd., 1923): 2, 4.
(28)
Arthur Waley, The Opium War Through
Chinese Eyes (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958):
103.
(29)
Fairbank and Goldman, op.
cit., 222.
(30)
Arthur P. Wolf and Chuang Ying-Chang, “Fertility and
Women’s Labour: Two Negative (But Instructive) Findings,” Population Studies, vol. 48, no. 3
(November 1994): 427–33.
(31)
Hsueh-Yi Lin, personal communication, June 10,
2009.
(32)
Fairbank and Goldman, op.
cit., 218.
(33)
Chau, op. cit., 19,
20.
(34)
Ibid.,
22.
(35)
Ibid., 23. Li Ju-Chen
(Li Ruzhen), Flowers in the Mirror,
trans. and ed. Lin Tai-Yi (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1965): 113.
(36)
Mrs. Archibald Little, Intimate
China, cited in Chau, op.
cit., 41.
(37)
Dorothy Ko, Cinderella’s Sisters: A
Revisionist History of Footbinding (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 2005): 15.
(38)
Chau, op. cit., 45,
57.
(39)
Ko, op. cit.,
16.
(40)
Fan Hong, Footbinding, Feminism and
Freedom: The Liberation of Women’s Bodies in Modern China
(London: Cass, 1997).
(41)
Patrick Hanan, “The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century
China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic
Studies, vol.
60, no. 2 (December 2000):
440. Chau op. cit.,
28.
(42)
Richard, Forty-five Years
in China, 158.
(43)
Ecumenical Mission Conference New
York, 1900 (New York: American Tract Society; London:
Religious Tract Society, 1900), Vol. 1: 552.
(44)
Fairbank and Goldman, op.
cit., 222.
(45)
Chau, op. cit.,
51.
(46)
Levy, op. cit.,
74.
(47)
Angela Zito, “Secularizing the Pain of Footbinding in
China: Missionary and Medical Stagings of the Universal Body,” Journal of the American Academy of
Religion, vol. 75, no. 1 (March 2007):
4-5.
(48)
See “Mrs. Archibald Little, About the Author”;
http://www.readaroundasia.co.uk/miclittle.html.
(49)
Fan Hong, op. cit.,
57.
(50)
Little, The Land of the Blue
Gown, 306–09.
(51)
Richard, Forty-five Years in
China, 227-28.
(52)
Yen-P’ing Hao and Erh-Min Wang, “Changing Chinese Views of
Western Relations, 1840–95,” in Cambridge
History of Modern China. Vol. 2: The Late Ch’ing
1800–1911, Part II, ed. Denis Crispin Twitchett and John
King Fairbank (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978):
201.
(53)
Richard, Forty-five Years in
China, 265–67.
(54)
Fairbank and Goldman, op.
cit., 231.
(55)
See the discussion of this period in Seagroves Dragon Lady and also Hens van de Ven,
“Robert Hart and Gustav Detring During the Boxer Rebellion,” Modern Asian Studies, vol.
40, no. 3 (2006):
631–62.
(56)
Chau, op. cit. 121,
citing the contemporaneous translation in the North Chinese Herald.
(57)
Levy, op. cit.,
278-79.
(58)
Fan Hong, op. cit.,
chapters 3 and 4.
(59)
Chau, op. cit.,
104.
(60)
Cited in ibid.,
98.
(61)
Levy, op. cit., 128,
181, 94.
(62)
J. M. Coetzee, “On National Shame,” Diary of a Bad Year (New York:
Viking, 2007): 39, 45. This is a novel that reproduces essays
written by the protagonist.
(63)
This is one of the central ideas of Benedict Anderson’s
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the
Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London & New York:
Verso, 2006).
(64)
Ernest Renan, Qu’est-ce
quune nation? 2nd edn. (Paris: Calmann-Lévy,
1882): 26.
(65)
Mackie, op. cit.,
1001.
(66)
Levy, op. cit.,
171.
الفصل الثالث: القضاء على الاسترقاق على جانبي الأطلسي
(1)
Lecky, History of European
Morals, Vol. 1. Chapter 1: The Natural History of
Morals;
http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1839/104744/2224856.
(2)
Eric Williams, Capitalism and
Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1994): 142, 210-11.
(3)
Ibid.,
211.
(4)
Drescher, Capitalism and
Antislavery, 5.
(5)
Ibid.,
7.
(6)
Ibid., 11, citing work
by Wrigley and Schofield.
(7)
Benjamin Disraeli, Lord George
Bentinck: A Political Biography (London: G. Routledge
& Co., 1858): 234.
(8)
The passage continues: “This was also a Roman
characteristic—especially that of Marcus Aurelius,” and then
ends with the sentence I cited above.
(9)
Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire
raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société
degens de lettres. Mis en ordre & publié par M.
Diderot … & quant a la partie mathématique, par M. d’Alembert, 28
vols. (Geneva Paris & Neufchastel, 1772; 1754–72). Cited from
The Making of the Modern World
(Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 2007), Vol. 16:
532.
(10)
The “him” here is “conscience.” Erasmus Darwin,
“The Loves of the Plants” (1789) in The
Botanic Garden (London: Jones & Company,
1825): 173.
(11)
Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; or; The
Laws of Organic Life (Philadelphia: Edward Earle, 1818),
Vol. 2: 325.
(12)
As Thomas Carlyle put it derisively in Past and Present, “Methodism with its eye
forever turned on its own navel: asking itself with torturing anxiety of
Hope and Fear, ‘Am I right? Am I wrong? Shall I be saved? shall I not be
damned?’—what is this at bottom, but a new phase of Egoism, stretched
out into the Infinite; not always the heavenlier for its
infinitude”—Carlyle, Past and Present
(1843) (London: Chapman & Hall, 1872): 101.
(13)
David Turley, The Culture of
English Antislavery, 1780–1860 (London: Routledge, 1991):
9.
(14)
Brown, Human Universals,
391.
(15)
Ibid.,
429.
(16)
It’s perhaps important to add that the Society’s leadership
contained many Quakers as well.
(17)
Drescher, op. cit.,
28-29.
(18)
David Brion Davis, The Problem of
Slavery in the Age of Revolution: 1770–1823 (Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1975): 435.
(19)
Brown, op. cit.,
437.
(20)
Laurence Sterne, A
Sentimental Journey (1768) (London: Penguin
Books, 2001): 69-70.
(21)
William Cowper’s “The Negro’s Complaint,” The Gentleman’s Magazine (December
1793), 11. 55-56, in The Complete
Poetical Works of William Cowper, ed. H. S.
Milford (London: Henry Frowde, 1905),
371-72.
(22)
Cited in Brown, op.
cit., 166.
(23)
Cited in ibid., 71,
141-42.
(24)
Ibid.,
371.
(25)
Ibid.,
134.
(26)
Cited in ibid.,
170.
(27)
Frederick Douglass, The Life and
Writings of Frederick Douglass (New York: International
Publishers, 1950), Vol. 1: 147.
(28)
The repressions of the late eighteenth century also
suppressed many of the radical organizations that supported
abolition—see Thompson The Making of the English
Working Class.
(29)
William Wilberforce, An
Appeal to the Religion, Justice, and Humanity of the
Inhabitants of the British Empire in Behalf of the Negro
Slaves in the West Indies (London: J. Hatchard
& Son, 1823): 1.
(30)
William Wilberforce, A Practical
View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians, in
the Higher and Middle Classes in This Country Contrasted with Real
Christianity (New York: American Tract Society, 1830):
241, 249-50 (first published in England in 1797).
(31)
Ibid.,
105.
(32)
Williams, op. cit.,
181.
(33)
Letters on the Necessity of a
Prompt Extinction of British Colonial Slavery; Chiefly Addressed to
the More Influential Classes (Leicester: Thomas Combe
& Son, 1826): 104.
(34)
Ibid., 149, 163, 165,
184, 159.
(35)
Disraeli, Lord George
Bentinck, 234.
(36)
“London Workingmen’s Association: Further Papers,”
in London Radicalism 1830–1843: A
selection of the Papers of Francis Place, ed. D.
J. Rowe (London: London Record Society, 1970): 160–77;
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=230.
(37)
Betty Fladeland, Abolitionists and
Working-Class Problems in the Age of Industrialization
(London: Macmillan, 1984).
(38)
Thompson, op.
cit., 807.
(39)
See Orlando Patterson, Slavery and
Social Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1985).
(40)
William Cobbett, Rural
Rides (1830) (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1912):
306-07.
(41)
Catherine Gallagher, The Industrial
Reformation of English Fiction (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1988): 10. The second passage she quotes from Cobbett’s
Weekly Political Register, 7
(1805): 372.
(42)
Ibid., citing Cobbett’s Weekly
Political Register, 7 (1806): 845.
(43)
Ibid., 9, citing Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, August 27,
1823.
(44)
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights;
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.
(45)
Samuel Johnson LL. D., A Dictionary
of the English Language, ed. John Walker and R. S.
Jameson, 2nd edn. (London: William Pickering Chancery Lane; George Cowie
& Co. Poultry Lane, 1828): 204. The same dictionary defines
“dignify” as “To advance; to prefer; to exalt; to honor; to adorn; to
give luster to,” reminding us of the close association between honor and
dignity.
(46)
Edmund Burke, Reflections
on the Revolution in France (1790) (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1999): 49.
(47)
Thomas Hobbes, Hobbes’s Leviathan
reprinted from the edition of 1651 with an Essay by the Late W. G.
Pogson Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909). Chap. XVII:
Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Common-Wealth,
http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/869/208775/3397532.
(48)
For many people in the Abrahamic religions, of course, one
of the grounds of our dignity is that we are all created “in God’s
image.”
(49)
Seymour Drescher, “Public Opinion and the Destruction of
British Colonial Slavery,” in James Walvin, ed., Slavery and British Society 1776–1848 (Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press, 1982): 29.
(50)
James Walvin, “The Propaganda of Anti-Slavery,” in Walvin,
ed., op. cit., 52-53,
54.
(51)
Ibid., 53. For the
statistics, see ibid.,
54-55.
(52)
Cited in Alan Nevins, The War for
the Union. Vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution: 1862-1863 (New
York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960): 244.
(53)
Ibid.,
250.
(54)
“In May 1847, Dr. Bowring chaired the first annual meeting
of the debtridden and moribund league. That meeting was also its
last”—Douglas C. Stange, British Unitarians
Against American Slavery, 1833–65 (Rutherford, NJ:
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1984): 88.
(55)
For Sir Henry Molesworth’s comment, see the article on
Vincent in Sidney Lee, ed., Dictionary of
National Biography (London: Smith, Elder, & Co.,
1909), Vol. 20: 358. The comment on missed opportunities is from William
McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New
York: W. W. Norton, 1995): 138-39.
الفصل الرابع: حروب على المرأة
(1)
Quoted in Richard Galpin “Womans ‘Honour’ Killing Draws
Protests in Pakistan,” The
Guardian (London), April 8, 1999;
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/apr/08/14.
(2)
Sedotta e Abbandonata (Seduced and
Abandoned) (1964), Pietro Germi, director; story and
screenplay by Luciano Vincenzoni.
(3)
John Webber Cook, Morality and
Cultural Differences (New York: Oxford University Press,
1999): 35.
(4)
Melodia was murdered in 1978 in a Mafia-style execution two
years after being released from jail.
(5)
“Il consiglio che voglio dare è di stare sempre attenti, ma
di prendere ogni decisione seguendo sempre il proprio cuore”—Interview
with Riccardo Vescovo, published Jan. 17, 2006, in Testata giornalistica dell’Università degli Studi di
Palermo;
http://www.ateneonline-aol.it/060117ric.php.
(6)
“State of the World Population,” UN Population Fund
(UNFPA), 2000;
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2000/english/ch03.html.
(7)
Salman Masood, “Pakistan Tries to Curb
‘Honor Killings,’” New York Times, Oct. 27, 2004;
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/27/international/asia/27stan.html.
Islam Online January 11 2007;
www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=l168265536796&pagename=Zone-English-News/NWELayout.
(9)
Suzanne Goldberg, “A Question of Honour” The Guardian, May 27 1999;
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/may/27/gender.ukl.
(10)
Amir H. Jafri, Honour Killing:
Dilemma, Ritual,
Understanding (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2008): 67. Ghairat is used for honor in Urdu as well as in
Pashto.
(11)
Pakistan: Honour Killings of Girls
and Women, Amnesty International, September 1999 (AI
Index: ASA 33/18/99). Kalpana Sharma, “Killing for Honour,” The Hindu, Chennai, India, April 25, 1999,
retrieved through Westlaw, June 6, 2009, Ref: 1999 WLNR
4528908.
(12)
Pakistan: Honour Killings of Girls
and Women, 5-6.
(13)
Galpin, “Woman’s ‘Honour’ Killing Draws Protest in
Pakistan.”
(14)
Jafri, op. cit.,
125.
(15)
Zaffer Abbas, “Pakistan Fails to Condemn ‘Honour’
Killings,” BBC Online, Aug. 3, 1999;
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4l0422.stm.
(16)
Irfan Husain, “Those Without Voices,” Dawn Online Edition, Karachi, Pakistan,
Sept. 6, 2008;
http://www.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20080609.htm.
(17)
Rabia Ali, The Dark Side of
“Honour”: Women Victims in Pakistan (Shirkat Gah Women’s
Resource Centre, Lahore, 2001): 30.
(18)
“MoC consulting stakeholders on new ATTA,” The Business Recorder, Nov. 19, 2009;
http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=988220.
(19)
See the discussion of Pashtun social structure in Ali
Wardak, “Jirga—Power and Traditional Conflict Resolution in
Afghanistan,” in John Strawson, ed., Law After
Ground Zero (London: Glasshouse Press, 2002): 191-92,
196. On the Pashtunwali, he cites N. Newell and R. Newell, The Struggle for Afghanistan (London:
Cornell University Press, 1981): 23.
(20)
Jafri, op. cit.,
76.
(21)
Ibid.,
7.
(22)
Ibid., 66,
123.
(24)
Jason Bourke, “Teenage Rape Victim Executed
for Bringing ‘Shame’ to Her
Tribesmen” The Guardian, April 18,
1999;
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3855659,00.html.
(26)
NCSW Report on the Qisas and Diyat
Ordinance, 68.1 have not seen this claim reported
elsewhere.
(27)
Shamoon alias v. The
State, 1995 SCMR 1377, cited in NCSW Report on Qisas and Diyat Ordinance,
35.
(28)
In the case of slavery, too, legal emancipation is only the
beginning. See Kwame Anthony Appiah, “What’s Wrong with Slavery?” in
Martin Bunzl and K. Anthony Appiah, eds. Buying
Freedom (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007):
249–58.
(29)
Naeem Shakir, “Women and religious minorities under the
Hudood Laws in Pakistan,” posted on July 2, 2004, at
http://www.article2.org/mainfile.php/0303/144/.
(30)
David Montero, “Rape Law Reform Roils Pakistan’s
Islamists,” Christian Science
Monitor, Nov. 17, 2006;
http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1117/p07s02-wosc.html.
(31)
For examples, see Jafri, op.
cit., 115-16.
(32)
State of Human Rights in
2008 (Lahore: Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, 2009):
134.
(33)
Beena Sarwar, “No ‘Honour’ in Killing,” News
International, Sept. 3,
2008;
http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=133499.
(Beena Sarwar is not, so far as I know, related to Samia
Sarwar.)
(34)
I know, of course, that when presented with a woman “taken
in adultery,” Christ says, “He that is without sin among you, let him
first cast a stone at her” (John 8:7). But here, as elsewhere, Christ
does not explicitly repudiate the laws of Moses; just as the Prophet
Muhammad, in raising the required evidence for convictions of adultery,
does not reject the traditional Arab view that stoning is the proper
penalty.
(35)
See Pakistan: Honour Killings of
Girls and Women, 8.
(36)
See Jafri, op. cit.,
115–17.
(37)
Ibid.,
92-93.
(38)
There is a chain of public women’s refuges called Dar ul-Amans in Pakistan, of which the
first was founded in Lahore many years ago, but they are widely reputed
to be very unfriendly places. See Meera Jamal, “Hapless Women Call Darul
Aman ‘No Less Than Prison,’” Dawn Internet
Edition, Aug. 13, 2007;
http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/13/local1.htm.
(39)
Galpin, “Woman’s ‘Honour’ Killing Draws Protest in
Pakistan.”
(40)
Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic
Slave Trade: A Census (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1969): 136.
الفصل الخامس: دروس وموروثات
(1)
Alexis de Tocqueville, De
la démocratic en Amérique, 5th edn. (Paris:
Pagnerre, 1848), Vol. 4: 152-53.
(2)
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the
Metaphysics of Morals, Cambridge Texts in the History of
Philosophy, ed. Mary Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1997): 7.
(3)
Ibid,
11.
(4)
I discuss some of this recent work in moral psychology in
my book Experiments in Ethics
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
(5)
John Locke, The Works of John Locke
in Nine Volumes, 12th edn. (London: Rivington, 1824),
Vol. 8, Chapter: Some Thoughts Concerning Education;
http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1444/81467/1930382.
(6)
Horace, Sermones, I, 6,
ll. 7-8.
(7)
Ibid., 11.
34–37.
(8)
Ascriptive identities to which one is assigned by birth,
such as family membership, can, I should insist, be relevant bases for
partiality. You are entitled (indeed, sometimes required) to treat A
better than B solely because A is your sister and B is unrelated to you.
But recognizing something as a form of partiality is recognizing that
there is nothing intrinsically superior about those to whom one is
partial: if there were, one’s reasons for favoring them could be
impartial. See Appiah, The Ethics of
Identity, chapter 6.
(9)
David Hume, Enquiries Concerning
the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals by
David Hume, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge, M.A. 2nd edn. (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1902), 265.
(10)
Newman, The Idea of a
University, 208–11.
(11)
Rupert Brooke, “The Dead,” from 1914: Five Sonnets (London:
Sidgwick & Jackson, 1914): 3.
(12)
For reasons for thinking this, see Paul Robinson, Military Honour and Conduct of War: From Ancient
Greece to Iraq (London: Routledge,
2006).
(13)
Brennan and Pettit, op.
cit., 260.
(14)
This is the reverse of a public good: a public
evil.
(15)
Atul Gawande, “The Cost Conundrum: What a Texas Town Can
Teach Us About Health Care,” The New
Yorker, June 1, 2009;
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/06/01/090601fa_fact_gawande.
(16)
“Rumsfeld Testifies Before Armed Services Committee,”
Transcript of Senate testimony on Friday, May 7, 2004, at
washingtonpost.com,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8575-2004May7.html.
(17)
Ian Fishback, letter to Senator John McCain,
printed in The Washington
Post, September 28, 2005, under the headline “A
Matter of Honor”;
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/27/AR2005092701527_pf.html.
See also Tara McKelvey, Monstering:
Inside Americas Policy of Secret Interrogations and Torture
in the Terror War (New York: Basic Books, 2008):
6-7.
(18)
Coleen Rowley, “Ian Fishback,” Time
magazine, Apr. 30, 2006;
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1187384,00.html.
(19)
McKelvey, op. cit.
179.
(20)
Tim Dickinson, “The Solider: Capt. Ian Fishback,” Rolling Stone, Dec. 15, 2005;
http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/8957325/capt_ian_fishback.
(21)
McKelvey, op. cit.,
179.
(22)
Nicholas Kristof, Foreword to Mukhtar Mai’s
In the Name of Honor: A
Memoir, xiv-xv.
