قراءات إضافية | تاريخ الطب: مقدمة قصيرة جدًّا

مراجع عامة

W. F. Bynum and Helen Bynum (eds), Dictionary of Medical Biography, 5 vols (Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 2007). Biographies of major medical figures from all over the world who have contributed to clinical medicine, plus introductory essays on the major medical traditions.
W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1993). A collection of essays covering the whole of the field.
W. F. Bynum, Anne Hardy, Stephen Jacyna, Christopher Lawrence, and E. M. (Tilli) Tansey, The Western Medical Tradition, 1800–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). A general survey of Western medicine during the past two centuries.
Lawrence I. Conrad, Michael Neve, Vivian Nutton, Roy Porter, and Andrew Wear, The Western Medical Tradition, 800BC–AD1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). A general survey of the history of the Western medical tradition up to 1800.
Jacylyn Duffin, History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). An excellent introduction, with good coverage of modern North American developments.
Stephen Lock, John M. Last, and George Dunea (eds), The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Arranged alphabetically, most of the articles have generous historical content.
John Pickstone, Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science, Technology and Medicine (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). A stimulating introduction to these fields by a leading expert.
Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999). A widely admired, always readable survey.
Andrew Wear (ed.), Medicine in Society: Historical Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). An excellent collection of wide-ranging essays, especially written for teaching purposes.
David Weatherall, Science and the Quiet Art: Medical Research and Patient Care (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). Historically sensitive study by an outstanding clinician and medical scientist.

الفصل الأول: ممارسة الطِّبِّ عند فراش المريض

Noga Arokha, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007). A full history of the continuing influence of the doctrine of the humours within medicine and science.
M. D. Grmek, Diseases in the Ancient Greek World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989). An authoritative account of the evidence for the range of diseases prevalent in classical antiquity, using both written and material sources.
Helen King, Hippocrates’ Woman: Reading the Female Body in Ancient Greece (London: Routledge, 1998). A stimulating account of women’s diseases in ancient medical writings.
G. E. R. Lloyd (ed.), Hippocratic Writings (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978). A very useful selection of the Hippocratic writings with a fine introduction.
Vivian Nutton, Ancient Medicine (London: Routledge, 2004). A full and well-written survey by a leading scholar.
Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973). An account of Galen’s continuing influence for more than a millennium after his death.

الفصل الثاني: طِبُّ المكتبات

Laurence Brockliss and Colin Jones, The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). A monumental account of four centuries of medical life in France.
W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), William Hunter and the Eighteenth-Century Medical World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895). A wide-ranging collection of essays on Enlightenment medicine and anatomy.
Peter Pormann and Emilie Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007). An up-to-date summary of a complex subject.
Roy Porter, Quacks: Fakers and Charlatans in English Medicine (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2000). An entertaining volume, rich in anecdote but also developing Porter’s notion of the continuing importance of the medical marketplace.
Carole Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society in Later Medieval England (Stroud, Gloucestershire: A. Sutton, 1995). An accessible and wide-ranging survey.
Guenter B. Risse, Hospital Life in Enlightenment Scotland: Care and Teaching in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). An outstanding study of clinical medicine and medical education on the eve of the French Revolution.
Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1990). An excellent introduction to the medicine of the period.

الفصل الثالث: طِبُّ المستشفيات

Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967). The classic study of the French school in the early 19th century.
W. F. Bynum, Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). A general account of the increasing role of science within clinical medicine.
Jacylyn Duffin, To See with a Better Eye: A Life of R. T. H. Laennec (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). A fine biography of the inventor of the stethoscope.
Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, tr. A. M. Sheridan Smith (London: Tavistock, 1973). One of the most accessible books of this influential thinker, in which he develops his ideas about power within medicine, focusing on the French clinical school.
Caroline Hannaway and Ann La Berge (eds), Constructing Paris Medicine (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998). A good series of essays by leading scholars, evaluating the French school.
Russell Maulitz, Morbid Appearances: The Anatomy of Pathology in the Early Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). A stimulating study of the fortunes of pathology during its period of dominance within clinical medicine.
Guenter B. Risse, Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). An exceptionally elegant and thoughtful study of the hospital throughout history. Risse dissects the French hospitals of the early 19th century, discussed in Chapter 6.
Andrew Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993). Although focusing on Britain, Scull’s powerful account highlights many common features of psychiatry and insanity throughout Europe and North America during this period.

الفصل الرابع: الطِّبُّ المجتمعي

John Duffy, The Sanitarians: A History of American Public Health (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1990). A sound account of the public health movement in the United States.
Christopher Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick: Britain, 1800–1854 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). An important study of the relationship between poverty and disease.
Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986). Still the best general account of the eugenics movement.
Ann La Berge, Mission and Method: The Early Nineteenth- Century French Public Health Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). An excellent synthesis of the French movement.
Thomas McKeown, The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis? (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979). The most pungent statement of McKeown’s vision of medicine and its history.
Dorothy Porter, Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times (London: Routledge, 1999). A good synthesis of a vast topic.
Dorothy Porter (ed.), The History of Public Health and the Modern State (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994). A fine collection of essays on many countries, by leading experts.

الفصل الخامس: طِبُّ المعامل

Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Rudolf Virchow: Doctor, Statesman, Anthropologist (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953). This old biography is still an excellent introduction to the many facets of Virchow’s career.
Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, tr. Henry Copley Green (New York: Dover Publications, 1957). Originally published in 1865, Bernard’s classic monograph is still well worth reading.
William Coleman and Frederic Lawrence Holmes (eds), The Investigative Enterprise: Experimental Physiology in Nineteenth-Century Medicine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988). An outstanding collection of essays on experimental physiology and its relevance for medical practice.
Patrice Debré, Louis Pasteur, tr. Elborg Forster (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998). A full biography of Pasteur, sympathetic but not uncritical.
Henry Harris, The Birth of the Cell (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998). A good introduction to 19th-century microscopy.
Owen H.Wangensteen and Sarah D. Wangensteen, The Rise of Surgery: From Empiric Craft to Scientific Discipline (Folkestone, Kent: Dawson, 1978). Old-fashioned and in the heroic mode, but wonderfully cosmopolitan and accurate in its details.
Michael Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1865–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). A subtle investigation of the impact of bacteriology and germs theories on British medicine.

الفصل السادس: الطِّبُّ في العالم الحديث

Michael Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin (Edinburgh: Harris, 1983). A balanced account of this famous episode in the history of medicine.
Thomas Neville Bonner, Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States, 1750–1945 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). A fine comparative study, with many resonances for earlier chapters of this Introduction as well.
Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (eds), Medicine in the Twentieth Century (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000). A large collection of essays on many aspects of medicine in the last century.
John Farley, The International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation: The Russell Years, 1920–1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). An excellent introduction to the important dimension of international health, and the Americanization of the world.
Joel Howell, Technology in the Hospital: Transforming Patient Care in the Early Twentieth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A fine monograph on how medical science and technology influenced what doctors did in the hospital.
James Le Fanu, The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1999). A perceptive account of 20th-century medicine by a shrewd general practitioner and medical journalist.
Harry Marks, The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900–1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). An excellent introduction to the clinical trial, and much else besides.
Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1989). A full analysis of the economic and medical dimensions of American hospitals.