قراءات إضافية
There are several good books surveying the Scientific Revolution in
greater detail than is possible here. These include Peter Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its
Ambitions, 1500–1700, 2nd edn. (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 2009); John Henry, The Scientific Revolution and the
Origins of Modern Science, 2nd edn. (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002);
and Margaret J. Osler, Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God,
and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010). The last is especially good in
providing technical details of early modern scientific ideas. A useful reference
source is Wilbur Applebaum’s Encyclopedia of the Scientific
Revolution (New York: Garland, 2000), full of short, authoritative
articles on hundreds of subjects.
الفصل الأول
For the medieval (and ancient) background, see David C. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science, 2nd
edn. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), and for a fascinating account
of medieval voyages, see J. R. S. Phillips, The Medieval
Expansion of Europe, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).
For Renaissance humanisms, see Anthony Grafton with April Shelford and Nancy
Siraisi, New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of
Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1992); and Jill Kraye (ed.), Cambridge
Companion to Renaissance Humanism (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1999). On other issues in this chapter, see Elizabeth
Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of
Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter
Marshall, The Reformation: A Very Short
Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009); and Anthony
Pagden, European Encounters with the New World from the
Renaissance to Romanticism (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1993).
الفصل الثاني
On natural magic and its place in the history of science, see John
Henry, ‘The Fragmentation of Renaissance Occultism and the Decline of Magic’,
History of Science, 46 (2008): 1–48. On
the background to the connected worldview, see Brian Copenhaver ‘Natural Magic,
Hermetism, and Occultism in Early Modern Science’, pp. 261–301 in David C.
Lindberg and Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of
the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1990). For an account of various sorts of magia, see D. P. Walker, Spiritual and
Demonic Magic: Ficino to Campanella (University Park, PA:
Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995). To correct widely held modern
prejudices about the role of religion in science, see the very readable essays
in Ronald Numbers (ed.), Galileo Goes to Jail and Other
Myths about Science and Religion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2009), and for more in-depth treatments, David C. Lindberg and
Ronald L. Numbers (eds.), God and Nature: Historical
Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989).
الفصل الثالث
On the major characters discussed in this chapter, see Victor E.
Thoren, The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho
Brahe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Maurice
Finocchiaro (ed.), The Essential Galileo
(Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2008); John Cottingham (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Descartes (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1992); Richard S. Westfall, The Life of Isaac Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1994). For the best overview of the current understanding of ‘Galileo and the
Church’, see the introduction to Finocchiaro, The
Galileo Affair (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
1989). On astrology, see Anthony Grafton, Cardano’s
Cosmos: The World and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). For better understanding of
astronomical models and theories, see Michael J. Crowe, Theories of the World: From Antiquity to the Copernican
Revolution, 2nd edn. (New York: Dover, 2001), and visit ‘Ancient
Planetary Model Animations’ at
http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~dduke/models.htm; created by
Professor David Duke at Florida State University—this site contains outstanding
animations of various planetary systems.
الفصل الرابع
For Galileo and motion, see the suggestions for Chapter 3. For other
major figures mentioned, see Alan Cutler (for Steno), The Seashell on Mountaintop (New York: Penguin, 2003); Paula
Findlen (ed.), Athanasius Kircher: The Last Man Who Knew
Everything (New York: Routledge, 2004); and Michael Hunter,
Robert Boyle: Between God and Science
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). For alchemy and its importance, see
Lawrence M. Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2011) and William R. Newman, Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of
the Scientific Revolution (Chicago: Chicago University Press,
2006). For a useful, but now rather dated, overview of the mechanical
philosophy, see the relevant sections in Richard S. Westfall, The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and
Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1971).
الفصل الخامس
Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval and Early
Renaissance Medicine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990)
and Roger French, William Harvey’s Natural
Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994). On
natural history, see William B.
Ashworth, ‘Natural History and the Emblematic Worldview’, in David C. Lindberg
and Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the
Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1990), pp. 303–32; and Nicholas Jardine,
James A. Secord, and Emma C. Spary
(eds.), The Cultures of Natural History
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). On the Spanish role, see María M.
Portuondo, Secret Science: Spanish Cosmography and the
New World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009) and Miguel
de Asúa and Roger French, A New World of Animals: Early
Modern Europeans on the Creatures of Iberian America (Burlington,
VT: Ashgate, 2005).
الفصل السادس
Pamela O. Long, Technology, Society, and
Culture in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe, 1300–1600
(Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 2000); Paolo Rossi, Philosophy, Technology, and the Arts in Early Modern
Europe (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Markku Peltonen (ed.),
Cambridge Companion to Bacon (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996); Lisa Jardine, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution (New
York: Anchor Books, 2000); Marco Beretta, Antonio Clericuzio, and
Lawrence M. Principe (eds.), The Accademia del Cimento and its European Context
(Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications, 2009); Alice Stroup,
A Company of Scientists: Botany, Patronage, and
Community at the Seventeenth-Century Parisian Royal Academy of
Sciences (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
1990).
