-
(2-1) Ball and stick representation of
a water molecule.
-
(2-2) Electron density contours of the
water molecule.
-
(2-3) A four-coordinated water molecule
showing the ideal tetrahedral arrangement of the
first-neighbour environment of a water
molecule.
-
(3-1) The structure of ‘normal’ ice
looked at from two perpendicular
directions.
-
(3-2) The phase diagram of ice, showing
the phases we expect to see at different
temperatures and pressures.
-
(3-3) The structure of ice
III.
-
(3-4) The structure of ice
IV.
-
(3-5) The structure of ice
VIII.
-
(3-6) The six possible arrangements of
hydrogens in the four-fold motif, and the average
structure that would be seen by a diffraction
experiment.
-
(3-7) The difference between a
hydrogen-ordered and hydrogen-disordered
structure.
-
(3-8) The different kinds of defects in
ice structures and the possible movement of an
H3O+
defect (By permission of Oxford University
Press).
-
(4-1) Bernal’s model of the arrangement
of spheres in a simple liquid compared with the
ordered regular arrangement in a crystal (From
Finney, ‘Bernal and the structure of water,’
Journal of Physics:
Conference Series 57 (2007) 40–52 ©
IOP Publishing. Reproduced by permission of IOP
Publishing. All rights reserved.
<http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/57/1/004>)
-
(4-2) A random network arrangement of
water molecules (From Finney, ‘Bernal and the
structure of water,’ Journal
of Physics: Conference Series 57
(2007) 40–52 © IOP Publishing. Reproduced by
permission of IOP Publishing. All rights reserved
<http://iopscience.iop.
org/1742-6596/57/1/004>).
-
(4-3) Two-dimensional analogues of the
structures of ice and liquid
water.
-
(4-4) A close-up of part of a liquid
water arrangement derived from experimental
measurements, showing likely hydrogen bonds between
neighbours (Daniel Bowron of the Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory).
-
(4-5) The average first-neighbour
environment of a molecule in liquid water (Alan
Soper of the Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory).
-
(4-6) The average distribution of first
and second neighbours around a central water
molecule at ambient and high pressure (Alan Soper of
the Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory).
-
(5-1) How temperature affects the
volume and the compressibility of water, compared to
what is observed for ‘normal’ liquids (By permission
of Oxford University Press).
-
(5-2) Theodor Grotthuss’s idea of how
positive electrical charge might be conducted in
water.
-
(5-3) How we now think protons move in
water.
-
(6-1) A snapshot of an arrangement of
water molecules in vitamin B12 coenzyme (Modified
from figure 4(a) of Bouquiere, Finney, and Savage,
Acta Cryst.
B50 (1994) 566–78. Reproduced with permission from
the IUCr).
-
(6-2) The ‘cage’ arrangement of water
molecules in a crystal of methane
hydrate.
-
(6-3) A schematic of the way lipid
molecules are organized in a bilayer
membrane.
