قراءات إضافية
There are many books on the subjects of nations and nationalism; and,
indeed, new ones appear almost daily. As a consequence, it is difficult to draw
attention to even the more important ones without overlooking a number of others
worthy of careful consideration, especially covering subjects that are so
controversial. Thus, in addition to the works listed in the references to each
chapter, I have, in what follows, provided a brief overview of a few of the more
important books on nations and nationalism.
Historical works on a particular nation are almost as old as our first
written records; certainly, there are examples from antiquity such as Josephus’s
The Antiquities of the Jews.
Nevertheless, one can say that the scholarly study of the nation, as a problem
to be explained, began in the latter half of the 18th century with two works by
Johann Gottfried von Herder, Yet Another Philosophy of
History for the Education of Mankind (New York, 1968) and
Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of
Mankind (Chicago, 1968). For a critical evaluation of these
works, see Freidrich Meinecke, Historism
(London, 1972); and Steven Grosby, ‘Herder’s Theory of the Nation’ in Encyclopaedia of Nationalism, ed. Athena S.
Leoussi (New Brunswick, 2001).
Discussions of the nation appeared with greater frequency in the 19th
century. Some of the more noteworthy were Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation (New York, 1968);
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of
History (New York, 1956); John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton,
‘Nationality’ in Essays in the History of
Liberty (Indianapolis, 1986); and especially Ernest Renan, ‘What
is a Nation?’ in The Poetry of the Celtic Races and
Other Studies (London, 1896).
Among the many works on the nation written in the aftermath of World
War I, important were Freidrich Meinecke, Cosmopolitanism and the National State (Princeton, 1970); Johan
Huizinga, ‘Patriotism and Nationalism in European History’ in Men and Ideas (Princeton, 1984); Carlton Hayes,
Essays on Nationalism (New York, 1926);
and The Historical Evolution of Modern
Nationalism (New York, 1931). It was during this period that
works by the most prolific, until recently, writer on nationalism, Hans Kohn,
began to appear.
During and immediately following World War II, attempts to understand
the nation, nationalism, fascism, and the political movements for national
independence resulted in numerous works. Significant contributions during this
period would include Hans Kohn, The Idea of
Nationalism (New York, 1943); The Age of
Nationalism (New York, 1962); Frederick Hertz, Nationality in History and Politics (London,
1944); Louis Snyder, The Meaning of
Nationalism (New Brunswick, 1954); Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge,
1953); Elie Kedourie, Nationalism (London,
1960); Nationalism in Asia and Africa (New
York, 1970); and Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and
States (London, 1977). Sophisticated analyses of nations now
appeared by ancient and medieval historians, for example Frank Walbank, ‘The
Problem of Greek Nationality’ and ‘Nationality as a Factor in Roman History’, in
Selected Papers (Cambridge, 1985);
Ernest Kantorowicz, ‘Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought’, The American Historical Review LVI/3 (April 1951):
472–92; Gaines Post, ‘Two Notes on Nationalism in the Middle Ages’, Traditio IX (1953): 281–320; and Joseph Strayer,
‘France: The Holy Land, the Chosen People, and the Most Christian King’, in
Medieval Statecraft and the Perspectives of
History (Princeton, 1971).
Furthermore, during this period there appeared a number of important
works on the ideology of nationalism by intellectual historians such as George
Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology (New
York, 1964).
In the last 25 years, significant works on the nation have included
John Armstrong, Nations Before Nationalism
(Chapel Hill, 1982); Dominique Schnapper, Community of
Citizens (New Brunswick, 1998); Adrian Hastings, The Constitution of Nationhood (Cambridge, 1997);
Steven Grosby, Biblical Ideas of Nationality: Ancient
and Modern (Winona Lake, 2002); John Hutchinson, Nations as Zones of Conflict (London, 2005).
Worthy of careful attention are the books by the most prolific and thoughtful
writer on this subject during this period, Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986);
Nationalism and Modernism (London,
1998); Myths and Memories of the Nation
(Oxford, 1999); The Nation in History
(Hanover, 2000); Chosen Peoples (Oxford,
2004); and The Antiquity of Nations
(Cambridge, 2004).
Other influential, recent books would include Benedict Anderson,
Imagined Communities (London, 1983);
Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism
(Ithaca, 1983); John Breuilly, Nationalism and the
State (Chicago, 1982); and Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge,
1992). There are also numerous case studies of high quality, such as John
Hutchinson, The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: The
Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish National State
(London, 1987); and works on the relation of nations and nationalism to other
human activities, such as George Mosse, Nationalism and
Sexuality (Madison, 1985); Athena Leoussi, Nationalism and Classicism (New York, 1998); and
to philosophy, David Miller, On Nationality
(Oxford, 1995).
