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الهوامش

الجزء الخامس: سجلُّ الوقائع

الفصل السادس والعشرون: الحقوق وأعمال الشغب

(1)
M. N. Srinivas, Caste in Modern India and Other Essays (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1962).
(2)
The political assertion of the backward castes through the 1960s and 70s is usefully described in Christophe Jaffrelot, India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Low Castes in North Indian Politics (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003). See also D. L. Sheth, ‘Secularisation of Caste and Making of New Middle Class,’ Economic and Political Weekly, 21–28 August 1999.
(3)
Report of the Backward Classes Commission (Delhi: Controller of Publications, 1980), Volume I, p. 57.
(4)
Sanjay Ruparelia, Divided We Govern: Coalition Politics in Modern India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 117f.
(5)
André Béteille, ‘Distributive Justice and Institutional Wellbeing,’ Economic and Political Weekly, Special Number, March 1991; Dharma Kumar, ‘The Affirmative Action Debate in India,’ Asian Survey, volume 32, number 3, March 1992; Norio Kondo, ‘The Backward Classes Movement and Reservation in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh: A Comparative Perspective,’ in Mushirul Hasan and Nariaki Nakazato, eds, The Unfinished Agenda: Nation-Building in South Asia (Delhi: Manohar, 2001).
(6)
Jaffrelot, India’s Silent Revolution, pp. 345–7.
(7)
See Paranjoy Guha Thakurta and Shankar Raghuraman, A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004).
(8)
Richard H. Davis, ‘The Iconography of Rama’s Chariot’ in David Ludden, ed., Making India Hindu: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India (second edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996).
(9)
Ibid, p. 46.
(10)
Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement, pp. 420–2.
(11)
See Paul Brass, The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 110–23.
(12)
See Katju, Vishva Hindu Parishad, p. 65.
(13)
See, for more details, S. Guhan, The Cauvery River Dispute: Towards Conciliation (Chennai: Frontline, 1993).
(14)
As this book goes to press, the dispute over the Cauvery waters has intensified once more. The Supreme Court ordered that Karnataka release 15,000 cusecs of water each day to meet the demands of the summer crop in Tamil Nadu. Protests erupted in the southern districts of Karnataka, with strikes and bandhs in several towns, including the state capital, Bengaluru. Reports in Times of India (Bengaluru edition), 7 September 2016.
(15)
India Today, 31 December 1999.
(16)
Manoj Joshi, The Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1999), Chapters 1 and 2. Cf. also Tavleen Singh, Kashmir: A Tragedy of Errors (New Delhi: Viking, 1995).
(17)
Smita Gupta, ‘The Rise and Rise of Terrorism in Kashmir,’ The Telegraph, 21 April 1990.
(18)
Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict, p. 147.
(19)
These headlines are taken from various news reports filed in the Centre for Education and Documentation, Bangalore.
(20)
The Telegraph, 27 May 1990; Joshi, The Lost Rebellion, pp. 72-3.
(21)
See ‘Urgent Action’ reports of Amnesty International, numbers UA 102 and 108 of 1991, copies in the files of the Centre for Education and Documentation, Bangalore.
(22)
V. M. Tarkunde et al. ‘Report on Kashmir Situation,’ in Asghar Ali Engineer, ed., Secular Crown on Fire: The Kashmir Problem (Delhi: Ajanta Publications), pp. 210–23.
(23)
This paragraph draws upon, among other works, M. K. A. Siddiqui, Muslims in Free India: Their Social Profile and Problems (New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies, 1998); Abusaleh Shariff, ‘On the Margins: Muslims in a State of Socio-Economic Decline,’ The Times of India, 22 October 2004; Yogendra Sikand, ‘Lessons of the Past: Madrasa Education in South Asia,’ Himal, volume 14, number 11, November 2001; idem, ‘Countering Fundamentalism: The Ban on SIMI,’ Economic and Political Weekly, 6 October 2001; Arjumand Ara, ‘Madrasas and Making of Muslim Identity in India,’ Economic and Political Weekly, 3 January 2004.
(24)
Navnita Chadha Behera, State, Identity and Violence: Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh (New Delhi: Manohar, 2000), p. 179.
(25)
Sonia Jabbar, ‘Spirit of Place,’ in Civil Lines 5: New Writing from India (New Delhi: IndiaInk, 2001), pp. 28-9. See also the vivid eye-witness account of a young Pandit who had to flee the valley with his family – Rahul Pandita, Our Moon Has Blood Clots: The Exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits (New Delhi: Random House India, 2013).
(26)
Cf. reports in The Telegraph, 1 April 1990; in Frontline, 14–27 April 1990; in The Illustrated Weekly of India, 17 June 1990; in the Times of India, 11 February 1991. See also Alexander Evans, ‘‘A Departure from History: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990–2001,’ Contemporary South Asia, volume 11, number 1, 2002.
(27)
Cf. Praveen Swami, ‘The Nadimarg Outrage,’ Frontline, 25 April 2003.
(28)
Vinay Sitapati, Half Lion: How P. V. Narasimha Rao Transformed India (New Delhi: Penguin, 2015), Chapters 6 and 7.
(29)
Anne O. Krueger and Sajjid Chinoy, ‘The Indian Economy in Global Context,’ in Anne O. Krueger, ed., Economic Policy Reforms and the Indian Economy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002). For an overview of the Indian economy on the eve of the reforms, see Bimal Jalan, ed., The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects (New Delhi: Viking, 1992).
(30)
See Jairam Ramesh, To the Brink and Back: India’s 1991 Story (New Delhi: Rupa, 2015), pp. 35–7, 144-5, 184.
(31)
Arvind Panagriya, ‘Growth and Reforms during 1980s and 1990s,’ Economic and Political Weekly, 19 June 2004.
(32)
Ashok V. Desai, My Economic Affair (New Delhi: Wiley Eastern, 1993); Kaushik Basu, ‘Future Perfect?,’ Hindustan Times, 5 May 2005.
(34)
See Dani Rodrik and Arvind Subramanian, From ‘Hindu Growth’ to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition, National Bureau of Applied Economic Research, Washington, March 2004.
(35)
Dennis J. Encarnation, Dislodging Multinationals: India’s Strategy in Comparative Perspective (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), pp. 214-5, 225.
(36)
Surendra Malik, compiler, Supreme Court Mandal Commission Case, 1992 (Lucknow: Eastern Book Company, 1992), pp. 180, 196, 379, 387, 412, 424, etc.
(37)
Madhav Godbole, Unfinished Innings: Recollections and Reflections of a Civil Servant (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1996), pp. 344–53.
(38)
See P. V. Narasimha Rao, Ayodhya: 6 December 1992 (New Delhi: Viking, 2006), pp. 99-100.
(39)
Godbole, Unfinished Innings, p. 363.
(40)
Quoted in Sunday, 6–12 December 1992.
(41)
This account of the demolition of the Babri Masjid is based, in the main, on Dilip Awasthi, ‘‘A Nation’s Shame,’ India Today, 31 December 1992. But see also Harinder Baweja, ‘Today, 10 Years Ago: What Really Happened,’ The Asian Age, 6 December 2002.
(42)
The conversation was reported in Sunday, 13–19 December 1992.
(43)
K. R. Malkani, The Politics of Ayodhya and Hindu-Muslim Relations (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1993), pp. 3-4.
(44)
Quoted in Venkitesh Ramakrishnan, ‘The Wrecking Crew,’ Frontline, 1 January 1993.
(45)
Arun Shourie, ‘The Buckling State,’ in Jitendra Bajaj, ed., Ayodhya and the Future India (Madras: Centre for Policy Studies, 1993), pp. 47–70.
(46)
Francine R. Frankel, India’s Political Economy, 1947–2004: The Gradual Revolution (second edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 714-5.
(47)
See ‘Bloody Aftermath,’ India Today, 31 December 1992.
(48)
Clarence Fernandez and Naresh Fernandes, ‘The Winter of Discontent,’ in Dileep Padgaonkar, ed., When Bombay Burned (New Delhi: UBSPD, 1993), pp. 12–41.
(49)
Kalpana Sharma, ‘Chronicle of a Riot Foretold,’ in Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner, Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 277.
(50)
Translated from the Marathi and quoted in Purandare, The Sena Story, p. 369.
(51)
Clarence Fernandez and Naresh Fernandes, ‘‘A City at War with Itself ,’ in Padgaonkar, ed., When Bombay Burned, pp. 42–104; Sharma, ‘Chronicle,’ pp. 278–86.
(52)
‘Bombay Has Lost Its Character,’ The Afternoon Dispatch and Courier, 10 January 1993, reprinted in ‘Busybee,’ When Bombay was Bombed: Best of 1992-3 (Bombay: Oriana Books, 2004).
(53)
Frontline, 1 January 1993; Sunday, 13–19 December 1992; India Today, 31 December 1992.
(54)
Michael S. Serrill, ‘India: The Holy War,’ Time, 21 December 1992.
(55)
The Times, 7 and 8 December 1992.
(56)
Geoffrey Morehouse, ‘Chronicle of a Death Foretold,’ The Guardian, 10 March 2001.
(57)
Paul R. Brass, The Politics of India Since Independence (second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 353-4, 365-6, 348-9.

الفصل السابع والعشرون: نظام سياسي متعدد الأقطاب

(1)
‘In Search of the Messiah,’ Sunday, 31 August–6 September 1988.
(2)
Jaffrelot, India’s Silent Revolution, Chapter 11.
(3)
Cf. Ghanshyam Shah, ed., Dalits and the State (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2002).
(4)
For more on Kanshi Ram and the rise of the BSP, see Sudha Pai, Dalit Assertion and the Unfinished Democratic Revolution: The Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002); Badri Narayan, Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits (Gurgaon: Penguin India, 2014); Kanchan Chandra, Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
(5)
Badri Narayan, ‘Heroes, Histories and Booklets,’ EPW, 13 October 2001.
(6)
James Cameron, An Indian Summer (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 122.
(7)
André Béteille, ‘The Scheduled Castes: An Inter-Regional Perspective,’ Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, volume 12, numbers 3 and 4, 2000.
(8)
Hugo Gorringe, Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratisation in Tamil Nadu (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005), p. 112.
(9)
The posthumous political importance of Ambedkar awaits a serious scholarly analysis. For clues to how important he is to the Dalit consciousness see, among other works: Chandra Bhan Prasad, Dalit Diary: 1999–2003 (Chennai: Navayana Publishing, 2004); Fernando Franco, Jyotsna Macwan, and Suguna Ramanathan, Journeys to Freedom: Dalit Narratives (Kolkata; Samya, 2004); and the ‘Margin Speak’ column in the EPW written by the Ambedkarite intellectual Anand Teltumbde.
(10)
See V. Jayanth, ‘Narasimha Rao and the Look East Policy,’ http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122407541200.htm (accessed 1 July 2016).
(11)
See Sitapati, Half Lion, Chapter 13.
(12)
See D. Bandyopadhyay, Saila K. Ghosh and Buddhadeb Ghosh, ‘Dependency versus Autonomy: Identity Crisis of India’s Panchayats,’ EPW, 20 September 2003.
(13)
For details, see Mahi Pal, ‘Panchayati Raj and Rural Governance: Experiences of a Decade,’ EPW, 10 January 2004.
(14)
See T. M. Thomas Isaac and Richard W. Franke, Local Democracy and Development: People’s Campaign for Decentralized Planning in Kerala (New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 2000); Jos Chathukulam and M. S. John, ‘Five Years of Participatory Government in Kerala: Rhetoric and Reality,’ EPW, 7 December 2002.
(15)
Rashmi Sharma, ‘Kerala’s Decentralisation: Idea in Practice,’ EPW, 6 September 2003; Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee, ‘Poverty Alleviation Efforts of Panchayats in West Bengal,’ EPW, 28 February 2004; Arild Engelsen Ruud, Poetics of Village Politics: The Making of West Bengal’s Rural Communism (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003); Nirmal Mukherji and D. Bandopadhyay, ‘New Horizons for West Bengal Panchayats,’ in Amitava Mukherjee, ed., Decentralization: Panchayats in the Nineties (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1994).
(16)
There is a growing academic literature on these questions. See, inter alia, the essays by Niraja Gopal Jayal, Bishnu N. Mohapatra and Sudha Pai in the ‘Democracy and Social Capital’ special issue of EPW, 24 February 2001; S. Sumathi and V. Sudarsen, ‘What Does the New Panchayat System Guarantee: A Case Study of Pappapatti,’ EPW, 20 August 2005.
(17)
Cf. M. P. Singh and Rekha Saxena, India at the Polls: Parliamentary Elections in the Federal Phase (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2003).
(18)
See Rasheed Kidwai, Sonia: A Biography (New Delhi: Viking Penguin, 2003).
(19)
Mehta, The Political Mind of India (Bombay: Socialist Party, 1952), p. 38.
(20)
Taya and Maurice Zinkin, ‘The Indian General Elections,’ The World Today, volume 8, number 5, May 1952.
(21)
Susanne Hoeber and Lloyd I. Rudolph, ‘The Centrist Future of Indian Politics,’ Asian Survey, volume 20, number 6, June 1980.
(22)
Quoted in Lise McKean, Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 315.
(23)
Cf. the evidence and testimonies in Peter Gottshcalk, Beyond Hindu and Muslim: Multiple Identities in Narratives from Village India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001).
(24)
Khadar Mohiuddin, ‘Birthmark,’ in Velcheru Narayana Rao, ed. and tr., Twentieth Century Telugu Poetry: An Anthology (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 221–7.
(25)
D. R. Goyal, Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (second edition, New Delhi: Radhakrishna Prakashan, 2000), pp. 17-8. For a fuller exposition of this ideology, and from the horse’s mouth as it were, see M. S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts (Bangalore: Vikrama Prakashan, 1966).
(26)
On the growth of the RSS since 1947, see, among other works, Tapan Basu et. al., Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1993); Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Pralay Kanungo, ‘Hindutva’s Entry into a “Hindu Province”: Early Years of RSS in Orissa,’ EPW, 2 August 2003; Nandini Sundar, ‘Teaching to Hate: RSS’ Pedagogical Programme,’ EPW, 17 April 2004.
(27)
Gowalkar, ‘Total Prohibition of Cow-Slaughter,’ The Hitavada, 26 October 1952,
(28)
Cf. Thomas Blom Hansen, Urban Violence in India: Identity Politics, ‘Mumbai,’ and the Postcolonial City (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001), p. 85.
(29)
Neerja Chowdhury, ‘Sonia Takes a Political Dip at the Kumbh,’ The New Indian Express, 20 January 2001.
(30)
On this last incident, see The Telegraph, 25 January 1999.
(31)
On the latter question, see P. N. Mari Bhatt and A. J. Francis Zavier, ‘Role of Religion in Fertility Decline: The Case of Indian Muslims,’ EPW, 29 January 2005.
(32)
This paragraph is based on Hasan Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America’s War on Terror (Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2005), Chapters 9 and 10. The Tariq Ali quote comes from his The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads, and Modernity (London: Verso, 2002), p. 196.
(33)
Yoginder Sikand, ‘Changing Course of Kashmiri Struggle: From National Liberation to Islamist Jihad,’ EPW, 20 January 2001.
(34)
Pamela Constable, ‘Selective Truths,’ in Guns and Roses: Essays on the Kargil War (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 1999), p. 52; Hafiz Mohammed Saeed, interviewed by Amir Mir in Outlook, 23 July 2001.
(35)
Cf. Anil Nauriya, ‘The Destruction of a Historic Party,’ Mainstream, 17 August 2002; Praveen Swami, ‘The Killing of Lone,’ Frontline, 21 June 2002.
(36)
Cf. news report in the Times of India, 24 January 1990; Joshua Hammer, ‘Srinagar Dispatch,’ The New Republic, 12 November 2001.
(37)
Reeta Chowdhuri-Tremblay, ‘Differing Responses to the Parliamentary and Assembly Elections in Kashmir’s Regions, and State-Societal Relations,’ in Paul Wallace and Ramashray Roy, ed., India’s 1999 Elections and 20th Century Politics (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003).
(38)
Prabhu Ghate, ‘Kashmir: The Dirty War,’ EPW, 26 January 2002.
(39)
Jaleel, ‘I Have Seen my Country Die,’ The Telegraph, 26 May 2002.
(40)
Buchan, ‘Kashmir,’ Granta, number 57, Spring 1997, p. 66.
(41)
Chandana Bhattacharjee, Ethnicity and Autonomy Movement: Case of Bodo-Kacharis of Assam (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1996); Sudhir Jacob George, ‘The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to Accord,’ Asian Survey, volume 34, number 10, October 1994.
(42)
Sanjoy Hazarika, Strangers of the Night: Tales of War and Peace from India’s Northeast (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1995), pp. 167–226. Cf. also Sanjib Baruah, ‘The State and Separatist Militancy in Assam: Winning a Battle and Losing the War?,’ Asian Survey, volume 34, number 10, October 1994.
(43)
Anindita Dasgupta, ‘Tripura’s Brutal Cul de Sac,’ Himal, December 2001.
(44)
Bhagat Oinam, ‘Patterns of Ethnic Conflict in the North-East: A Study on Manipur,’ EPW, 24 May 2003; U. A. Shimray, ‘Socio-Political Unrest in the Region Called North-East India,’ EPW, 16 October 2004.
(45)
Anon., ‘‘A Blueprint for Mizoram,’ Grassroots Options, Monsoon 1999; Sudipta Bhattacharjee, ‘How to be Thirteenth Time Lucky,’ The Telegraph, 30 June 1999; Nitin Gokhale, ‘Meghna Naidu in Aizawl,’ Tehelka, 9 October 2004.
(46)
Sarabjit Singh, Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002), especially Chapters 22 through 30.
(47)
Cf. Anne Vaugier-Chatterjee, ‘Strains on Punjab Governance: An Assessment of the Badal Government (1997–1999),’ International Journal of Punjab Studies, volume 7, number 1, 2000.
(48)
See ‘The Dynamic Sikhs,’ cover story in Outlook, 29 March 1999.
(49)
Singh, Operation Black Thunder, p. 338.
(50)
Robin Jeffrey, ‘“No Party Dominant”: India’s New Political System,’ Himal, March 2002, p. 41.

الفصل الثامن والعشرون: الحكام والحقوق

(1)
See E. Sridharan, ‘Coalition Strategies and the BJP’s Expansion, 1989–2004,’ Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, volume 43, number 2, 2005.
(2)
Cf. the critique of Nehru’s views in Jaswant Singh, Defending India (Bangalore: Macmillan India, 1999), pp. 29, 39, 42-3, 57-8, etc.
(3)
Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 144-5.
(4)
Anupam Srivastava, ‘India’s Growing Missile Ambitions: Assessing the Technical and Strategic Dimensions,’ Asian Survey, volume 40, number 2, 2000.
(5)
Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 364–76.
(6)
Ibid., p. 412.
(7)
Quoted in Raj Chengappa, Weapons of Peace: The Secret Story of India’s Quest to be a Nuclear Power (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2000), pp. 51-2.
(8)
See Paul R. Dettman, India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millenium (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2001), p. 41f.
(9)
Interview in Newsline (Karachi), June 1998.
(10)
Bhumitra Chakma, ‘Toward Pokharan II: Explaining India’s Nuclearisation Process,’ Modern Asian Studies, volume 39, number 1, 2005.
(11)
For the links between the 1998 tests and India’s wider ambitions, see Hilary Synnott, The Causes and Consequences of South Asia’s Nuclear Tests, Adelphi Paper 332 (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1999); Ashok Kapur, Pokharan and Beyond: India’s Nuclear Behaviour (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001). The arguments of the critics of India’s nuclear ambitions are collected in M. V. Ramanna and C. Rammanohar Reddy, eds, Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2003).
(12)
Cf. cover story in India Today, 1 March 1999.
(13)
On why and how Pakistan planned the Kargil operation, see Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism, pp. 169–74; Owen Bennett Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (New Delhi: Viking, 2002), pp. 87ff; Aijaz Ahmad, ‘The Many Roads to Kargil,’ Frontline, 16 July 1999.
(14)
Praveen Swami, The Kargil War (revised edition, New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 2000), pp. 10–1.
(15)
Rahul Bedi, ‘‘A Dismal Failure,’ in Guns and Roses: Essays on the Kargil War (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 1999), p. 142.
(16)
The course of the Kargil war is described in the works cited in footnotes 30 and 31 above, and in Srinjoy Chowdhury, Despatches from Kargil (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000).
(17)
Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism, p. 174; interview with Nawaz Sharif in India Today, 26 July 2004.
(18)
Cf. news reports in The Asian Age, 4 July 1999; The Telegraph, 9 July 1999; The Hindu, 19 July 1999.
(19)
The Asian Age, 6 July 1999; The Hindu, 4 July 1999
(20)
Sarabjit Pandher, ‘Spirit of Nationalism Eclipses Memories of [Operation] Bluestar,’ The Hindu, 16 June 1999.
(21)
‘‘Army Job Seekers Go Berserk,’ The Hindu, 18 July 1999.
(22)
See Venkitesh Ramakrishnan, ‘‘A Debate without Direction,’ Frontline, 12–25 September 1998.
(23)
Nagesh Kumar, ‘Indian Software Industry Development: International and National Perspective,’ EPW, 10 November 2001; Pradosh Nath and Amitava Hazra, ‘Configuration of Indian Software Industry,’ EPW, 23 February 2002; Arun Shourie, ‘Ensuring IT remains Indian Territory,’ The New Indian Express, 3 January 2004.
(24)
AnnaLee Saxenian, ‘Bangalore: The Silicon Valley of Asia?,’ in Krueger, ed., Economic Policy Reforms, p. 175.
(25)
See, for more details, Dinesh C. Sharma, The Long Revolution: The Birth and Growth of India’s IT Industry (New Delhi: HarperCollins India 2009).
(26)
Raj Chengappa and Malini Goyal, ‘Housekeepers to the World,’ India Today, 18 November 2002; ‘Outsourcing to India,’ The Economist, 5 May 2001.
(27)
Saritha Rai, ‘Prayers Outsourced to India’; idem, ‘US Kids Outsource Homework to India,’ both originally published in The New York Times, reprinted in The Asian Age, 14 June 2004 and 11 September 2005, respectively.
(28)
Shankkar Aiyar, ‘Made in India,’ India Today, 1 December 2003.
(29)
R. Nagaraj, ‘Foreign Direct Investment in India in the 1990s: Trends and Issues,’ EPW, 26 April 2003.
(30)
Arvind Virmani, ‘India’s External Reforms: Modest Globalisation, Significant Gains,’ EPW, 9 August 2003.
(31)
See Harish Damodaran, India’s New Capitalists: Caste, Business and Industry in a Modern Nation (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
(32)
E. Sridharan, ‘The Growth and Sectoral Composition of India’s Middle Class: Its Impact on the Politics of Economic Liberalization,’ India Review, volume 3, number 4, 2004.
(33)
Surinder S. Jodhka and Aseem Prakash, The Indian Middle Class (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016).
(34)
Devesh Kapur, ‘The Middle-Class in India: A Social Formation or a Political Actor?,’ Political Power and Social Theory, volume 21, 2010.
(35)
Cf. William Mazzarella, Shovelling Smoke: Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India (Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 74–6, 240, 258, etc.
(36)
Filippo Osella and Caroline Osella, Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict (London: Pluto Press, 2000), p. 127.
(37)
See, among other works, the special issue on ‘Poverty Reduction in [the] 1990s,’ of the EPW, dated 25–31 January 2003; K. Sundaram and Suresh D. Tendulkar, ‘Poverty in India in the 1990s: An Analysis of Changes in 15 Major States,’ EPW, 5 April 2003; Angus Deaton, ed., The Great Indian Poverty Debate (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2005).
(38)
The words of the novelist Eduardo Galeano, writing of the Latin American city, which in these respects is wholly of a piece with its Indian counterpart. Galeano, ‘The Other Wall,’ The New Internationalist, November 1989.
(39)
Cf. special issue on ‘Footloose Labour,’ Seminar, November 2003; Supriya RoyChowdhury, ‘Labour Activism and Women in the Unorganised Sector: Garment Export Industry in Bangalore,’ EPW, 28 May-4 June 2005; and, for a more general overview, Ajit K. Ghose, ‘The Employment Challenge in India,’ EPW, 27 November 2004.
(40)
P. K. Joshi, Ashok Gulati, Pratap S. Birthal, and Laxmi Tewari, ‘Agriculture Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications,’ EPW, 12 June 2004; M. S. Sidhu, ‘Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry in India: An Appraisal of the Post-Reform Period,’ EPW, 9 July 2005.
(41)
Ramesh Chand, ‘Whithern India’s Food Policy: From Food Security to Food Deprivation,’ EPW, 12 March 2005; Jean Dréze, ‘Praying for Food Security,’ The Hindu, 27 October 2003; Madhura Swaminathan, Weakening Welfare: The Public Distribution of Food in India (New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 2000); Ashok Gulati, Satu Kåhkonen and Pradeep Sharma, ‘The Food Corporation of India: Successes and Failures in Foodgrain Marketing,’ in Satu Kåhkonen and Anthony Lanyi, eds, Institutions, Incentives and Economic Reforms in India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000); and, especially, P. Sainath, Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest Districts (New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 1996).
(42)
P. Sainath, ‘Trains Raided for Water in TN,’ The Times of India, 14 May 1993; Sowmya Sivakumar and Eric Kerbart, ‘Drought, Sustenance and Livelihoods: “Akal” Survey in Rajasthan,’ EPW, 17 January 2004.
(43)
Cf. Verrier Elwin, Maria Murder and Suicide (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1943).
(44)
Farmers’ suicides were the subject of a remarkable series of field reports published by P. Sainath in The Hindu, too numerous to list individually, but easily tracked down on www.thehinduonnet.com Cf. also R. S. Deshpande and Nagesh Prabhu, ‘Farmers’ Distress: Proof Beyond Question,’ EPW, 29 October 2005; Tehelka, special issue on the farming crisis, 6 March 2004.
(45)
Cf. Myron Weiner, The Child and the State in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
(46)
Jean Dréze and Aparajita Goyal, ‘Future of Mid-Day Meals,’ EPW, 1 November 2003.
(47)
Sucheta Mahajan, ‘MVF India Education as Empowerment,’ Mainstream, 16 August 2003; Rukmini Banerji, ‘Pratham Experiences,’ Seminar, February 2005.
(48)
See ‘The PROBE Team,’ Public Report on Basic Education in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), Chapter 9.
(49)
Ramachandran, ‘The Best of Times, the Worst of Times,’ Seminar, April 2004.
(50)
Subhadra Menon, No Place to Go: Stories of Hope and Despair from India’s Ailing Health Sector (New Delhi; Penguin Books, 2004).
(51)
Pamela Philipose, ‘India is Seriously Sick,’ The New Indian Express, 24 January 2006.
(52)
Peoples Union for Democratic Rights, Satpura ki Ghati: People’s Struggle in Hoshangabad (New Delhi: PUDR, 1992).
(53)
Walter Fernandes, ‘Development-induced Displacement and Tribal Women,’ in Govind Chandra Rath, ed., Tribal Development in India: The Contemporary Debate (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2006).
(54)
Arup Maharatna, Demographic Perspectives on India’s Tribes (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), Chapter 2 and passim.
(55)
Cf. Rahul, ‘The Bhils: A People Under Threat,’ Humanscape, volume 8, number 8, September 2001; various issues of Budhan: The Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Group Newsletter.
(56)
Cf. Amita Baviskar, In the Belly of the River: Adivasi Battles over ‘Development’ in the Narmada Valley (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995); Jean Dreze, Meera Samson, and Satyajit Singh, eds, The Dam and the Nation (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998).
(57)
Arjan De Haan and Amaresh Dubey, ‘Poverty, Disparities, or the Development of Underdevelopment in Orissa,’ EPW, 28 May–4 June 2005; Sanjay Kumar, ‘Adivasis of South Orissa: Enduring Poverty,’ EPW, 27 October 2001; Jean Dréze, ‘No More Lifelines: Political Economy of Hunger in Orissa,’ The Times of India, 17 September 2001.
(58)
Meena Menon, ‘The Battle for Bauxite in Orissa,’ The Hindu, 20 April 2005.
(59)
Anon., The Struggle Against Bauxite Mining in Orissa (Bangalore: Peoples Union for Civil Liberties, 2003); Anon., How Wrong? How Right? (Kashipur: Agragamee, 1999).
(60)
Quoted in Manash Ghosh, ‘Sins of Development,’ The Statesman, 9 March 1999.
(61)
Darryl D’Monte, ‘Another Look at “Backwardness”,’ Lokmat Times, 13 October 2000; idem, ‘Recent Memories of Underdevelopment,’ posted on www.tehelka.com, 12 October 2000.
(62)
The Struggle Against Bauxite Mining, pp. 15-16; reports in The Indian Express, 18 and 19 December 2000.
(63)
Montek S. Ahluwalia, ‘Economic Reform of States in Post-Reform Period,’ EPW, 6 May 2000; S. Mahendra Dev, ‘Post-Reform Regional Variations,’ Seminar, May 2004.
(64)
Cf. K. P. Kannan, ‘Shining Socio-Spatial Disparities,’ Seminar, May 2004; Jean Dréze, ‘Where Welfare Works: Plus Points of the T[amil] N[adu] Model,’ The Times of India, 21 May 2003.
(65)
Angus Deaton and Jean Dréze, ‘Poverty and Inequality in India: A Re-Examination,’ EPW, 7 September 2002.
(66)
Srinivasan, Eight Lectures on India’s Economic Reforms (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 31.
(67)
Report in The Statesman, 20 September 2001.
(68)
Daniel H. Pink, ‘The New Face of the Silicon Age,’ Wired, February 2002 (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/india_pr.html).
(69)
Manjeet Kripalani and Pete Engardio, ‘The Rise of India,’ Business Week, 8 December 2003 (http://www.businessweek.com./magazine/content/03_49/b3861001_mz001.htm).
(70)
Ron Moreau and Sudip Mazumdar, ‘An Indian Champion,’ Newsweek, 12 April 2004.
(71)
Bharat Jhunjhunwala, ‘Gathering Storm of Indian Imperialism,’ The New Indian Express, 10 August 2005.
(72)
Cohen, India, pp. xv, 285–92.
(73)
Sonia Jabbar, ‘Blood Soil: Chittisinghpora and After,’ in Urvashi Butalia, ed., Speaking Peace: Women’s Voices from Kashmir (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 2002), pp. 226f.
(74)
See Atal Behari Vajpayee, ‘Musings from Kumarakom,’ The Hindu, 2 January 2001.
(75)
Cf. the list of major terrorist strikes printed in The Indian Express, 7 April 2005.
(76)
Himal South Asian, June 2002; Michael Krepon, ‘No Easy Exits,’ India Today, 10 June 2002.
(77)
See Hindustan Times, 19 May 2002.
(78)
James Michael Lyngdoh, Chronicle of an Impossible Election: The Election Commission and the 2002 Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2004), pp. 129, 141-2, 149-50, 180-81, etc.
(79)
Rekha Chowdhury and Nagendra Rao, ‘Kashmir Elections 2002: Implications for Politics of Separatism,’ EPW, 4 January 2003.
(80)
Quoted in The Times of India, 26 September 2003.
(81)
See Noorani, ed., The Babri Masjid Question, Volume 2, pp. 197ff.
(82)
See Jyoti Punwani, ‘The Carnage at Godhra,’ in Siddharth Varadarajan, ed., Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002).
(83)
Ashutosh Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), esp. pp. 229-30, 240-1, 275–7; Jan Breman, ‘Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape,’ in Ramachandra Guha and Jonathan Parry, eds, Institutions and Inequalities: Essays for André Béteille (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Udit Chaudhuri, ‘Gujarat: The Riots and the Larger Decline,’ EPW, 2–9 November 2002.
(84)
Nandini Sundar, ‘A License to Kill: Patterns of Violence in Gujarat,’ in Varadarajan, ed., Gujarat ; Achyut Yagnik and Suchitra Sheth, The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005), Chapter 11; report by Ashis Chakrabarti in The Telegraph, 18 May 2002.
(85)
Bela Bhatia, ‘A Step Back in Sabarkantha,’ Seminar, May 2002.
(86)
Anand Soondas, ‘Gujarat’s Children of a Lesser God,’ The Telegraph, 13 March 2002; ‘Gujarat Villagers Set Terms for Muslims to Come Home,’ The New Indian Express, 6 May 2002.
(87)
Cf. Varadarajan, ed., Gujarat, p. 22f.
(88)
For a perceptive (and prescient) analysis of Narendra Modi’s political style, see Sankarshan Thakur, ‘An Architect of Fractures, or the Man Who Could be Prime Minister,’ first published in Man’s World, December 2002, reproduced in https://sankarshanthakur.com/2013/09/14/an-architect-of-fractures-or-the-man-who-could-be-prime-minister/(accessed10 August 2016).
(89)
See Manas Dasgupta, ‘Vajpayee’s Advice to Modi,’ The Hindu, 5 April 2002.
(90)
Ajit Kumar Jha, ‘Atal Wave,’ India Today, 9 February 2004, available online at http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vajpayee-bjp-set-for-landslide-win-in-forthcoming-2004-elections/1/197000.html (accessed 1 July 2016).

الفصل التاسع والعشرون: التقدم ومشاكله

(1)
Harish Khare, ‘Reloading the Family Matrix,’ Seminar, June 2003.
(2)
Cf. T. N. Ninan, ‘Big Growth, Bigger Debates,’ Seminar, January 2006.
(3)
Cf. Jean Dréze, ‘Bhopal Convention on the Right to Work: Brief Report and Personal Observations,’ Social Action, volume 54, number 2, 2004; Rinku Murgai and Martin Ravallion, ‘Employment Guarantee in Rural India: What Would it Cost and How Much Would it Reduce Poverty,’ EPW, 30 July 2005.
(4)
E. Sridharan, ‘Electoral Coalitions in 2004 General Elections: Theory and Evidence,’ EPW, 18 December 2004.
(5)
See the section of special articles on Indian Muslims, sparked by the Sachar Committee Report, in EPW, 10 March 2007.
(6)
Cf. Yoginder Sikand, Muslims in India: Contemporary Social and Political Discourses (Gurgaon: Hope India, 2007).
(7)
Laurent Gayer and Christophe Jaffrelot, eds, Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2012).
(8)
Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community in India: A Report (New Delhi: Government of India, 2006).
(10)
The Hindu, 27 April 2007, http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/27/stories/2007042708181700.htm (accessed 18 July 2016).
(11)
Alam Srinivas, ‘Red Rag and the Matador,’ Outlook, 8 October 2007, http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/red-rag-and-the-matador/235734 (accessed 18 July 2016).
(13)
The Tribune, 12 June 2008, http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080612/main1.htm (accessed 18 July 2016).
(14)
See R. Karthikeyan, ‘The Story of a Resistance,’ Fountain Ink, February 2015.
(15)
The Hindu, 11 January 2007,   http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/salim-group-undeterred-by-the-violence-in-nandigram/article1781092.ece    (accessed 18 July 2016).
(17)
Sheela Bhatt, ‘The Talented Mr Modi,’ http://ia.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/12spec.htm) and ‘Why does Modi Look Invincible,’ http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/13spec1.htm (accessed 9 August 2016).
(19)
These paragraphs draw on two excellent investigative reports: Nitin Sethi, ‘India Undermined,’ The Times of India, Crest Edition, 30 October 2010; Saikat Datta, ‘Miner Sins,’ Outlook, 23 November 2009.
(20)
Radhika Raj, ‘Uphill Struggle,’ Hindustan Times, Mumbai, 31 October 2010.
(21)
There is now a growing literature on the social and environmental impact of mining on India. See, among other works, Hartman de Souza, Eat Dust: Mining and Greed in Goa (Noida: HarperCollins India, 2015); Felix Padel and Samarendra Das, Out of This Earth: East India Adivasis and the Aluminium Cartel (Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2010); Nandini Sundar, The Burning Forest: India’s War in Bastar (New Delhi: Juggernaut, 2016); Rohit Prasad, Blood Red River: A Journey into the Heart of India’s Development Conflict (Gurgaon: Hachette India, 2016); “When Land is Lost, Do we Eat Coal?”: Coal Mining and Violations of Adivasi Rights in India (Bangalore: Amnesty International India, 2016). This section also draws on my own travels in the mining districts of Uttarakhand, Goa, Chattisgarh, and Karnataka.
(22)
Michael Greenstone, Janhavi Nilekani, Rohini Pande, Nicholas Ryan, Anant Sudarshan and Anish Sugathan, ‘Lower Pollution, Longer Lives: Life Expectancy Gains if India Reduced Particulate Matter Pollution,’ EPW, 21 February 2015; Amy Kazmin, ‘Gasping for Air,’ Financial Times, 18 November 2015.
(23)
Victor Mallet, ‘Holy river, deadly river,’ Financial Times, 14/15 February 2015, Gargi Parsai, ‘Cleaning the Ganga,’ Deccan Herald, 20 July 2016.
(24)
Cf. the chapter ‘The Indian Road to Sustainability,’ in Ramachandra Guha, How Much Should a Person Consume? Environmentalism in India and the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
(25)
Praful Patel, then Minister of Civil Aviation, quoted in the Times of India, 13 December 2010.
(26)
Gurcharan Das, writing in the Times of India, 6 March 2011.
(27)
See Bahar Dutt, Green Wars: Dispatches from a Vanishing World (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2014).
(28)
Muthukumara Mani, ed., Greening India’s Growth: Costs, Valuations, and Trade-Offs (New Delhi: Routledge, 2013).
(29)
For a broad overview of the changes in the position of Dalits in contemporary India, see Gilbert Etienne, Dalits in Villages and Poverty Alleviation Policies, 1963–2008, Occasional Publication number 16, Institute of Rural Management, Anand.
(30)
See the reports authored by and collected in S. Viswanathan, Dalits in Dravidian Land (Chennai: Navayana Publishing, 2005). Cf. also Haruka Yanagisawa, A Century of Change: Caste and Irrigated Lands in Tamil Nadu, 1860s–1970s (New Delhi: Manohar, 1996), Chapter 7.
(31)
Shashi Bhushan Singh, ‘Limits to Power: Naxalism and Caste Relations in a South Bihar Village,’ EPW, 16 July 2005.
(32)
Mukul, ‘The Untouchable Present: Everyday Life of Musahars in North Bihar,’ EPW, 4 December 1999.
(33)
Bela Bhatia, The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar, Ph D thesis, Faculty of Social and Political Studies, Cambridge University, 2000. Also Bhatia, ‘The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar,’ EPW, 9 April 2005.
(34)
See Labour File, volume 4, numbers 5 and 6, 1998, p. 39.
(35)
Bhatia, The Naxalite Movement, pp. 134, 87 (my translation).
(36)
See The Hindu, 14 November 2005.
(37)
Mark Juergensmeyer, Religion as Social Vision: The Movement Against Untouchability in 20th Century Punjab (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982); Harish K. Puri, ‘Scheduled Castes in Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective,’ EPW, 28 June 2003.
(38)
Ronki Ram, ‘Limits of Untouchability, Dalit Assertion and Caste Violence in Punjab,’ in Harish K. Puri, ed., Dalits in Regional Context ( Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2004); Surinder S. Jodhka and Prakash Louis, ‘Caste Tensions in Punjab: Talhan and Beyond,’ EPW, 12 July 2003.
(39)
Hindustan Times, 30 January 2005; The New Sunday Express, 30 January 2005.
(40)
Reported in The Hindu, 17 May 2005.
(41)
Muzamil Jaleel, writing in The Indian Express, 8 April 2005.
(42)
These quotes are from interviews with Muivah in The Times of India, 2 March 2005; and in The Hindu, 29 April 2005.
(43)
Bhagat Oinam, ‘Patterns of Ethnic Conflict in the North-East: A Study on Manipur,’ EPW, 24 May 2003; U. A. Shimray, ‘Socio-Political Unrest in the Region Called North-East India,’ EPW, 16 October 2004; ‘Manipur Scenario,’ Mint, 25 November 2009; ‘Manipur’s merger with India was a forced annexation,’ Tehelka, 11 December 2010.
(44)
Rishang Keishing, quoted in Ved Marwah, Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 1995), p. 295.
(45)
N. Lokendra Singh, ‘Women, Family, Society and Politics in Manipur (1970–2000),’ Contemporary India, volume 1, number 4, 2002.
(46)
Irom Sharmilla’s story is told in Anubha Bhonsle, Mother, Where’s My Country: Looking for Light in the Darkness of Manipur (New Delhi: Speaking Tiger, 2015). She finally broke her fast only in July 2016, fifteen-and-a-half years after she had begun in, in the interim moving from hospital to court and back again, all the while being force-fed by the state.
(47)
Peoples Union for Democratic Rights, Why the AFSPA Must Go (New Delhi: PUDR, 2005); front-page photographs in The Telegraph, 16 July 2004; Sushanta Talukdar, ‘Manipur on Fire,’ Frontline, 10 September 2004.
(48)
Quoted in Ramesh, To the Brink and Back, p. 186.
(49)
See C. Raja Mohan, ‘The Return of the Raj,’ The American Interest, May–June 2010.
(51)
The Hindu, 8 February 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1195519.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
(52)
News report by Press Trust of India, 8 July 2008, http://www.sify.com/news/left-withdraws-support-to-upa-govt-news-national-jegrS6biadc.html (accessed 19 July 2016).
(53)
The Hindu, 23 July 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1312488.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
(55)
Outlook, 19 February 2007, http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/samjhauta-sabotaged/233930 (accessed 19 July 2016).
(57)
Quoted in Adrian Levy and Cathy Scott-Clark, The Siege: The Attack on the Taj (Gurgaon: Penguin Books, 2013), p. 127.
(58)
The Observer, 30 November 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/30/mumbai-terror-attacks-india3 (accessed 19 July 2016).
(59)
Pralay Kanungo, ‘Hindutva’s Fury against Christians in Orissa,’ EPW, 13 September 2008.
(60)
Smita Gupta, ‘Hounds and the Flock,’ http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/hounds-and-the-flock/238766 (accessed 20 July 2016).
(61)
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1339932.ece (accessed 20 July 2016). Although this was the first major riot in the district, the tribal Kandhas and the ‘untouchable’ Panos had long had an uncomfortable, rivalrous relationship, as documented in 1950 by the anthropologist F. G. Bailey. See his Tribe, Caste and Nation: A Study of Political Activity and Political Change in Highland Orissa (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1960).
(62)
See ‘Maya’s Magic,’ India Today, 21 May 2007.
(63)
Smita Gupta, 11 May 2007, in http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/11-may-2007/234596 (accessed 19 July 2016)
(64)
The Hindu, 28 May 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1265436.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
(65)
The impacts of NREGA have been analysed in a series of scholarly studies reproduced in Jean Dréze, ed., Social Policy: Essays from EPW (Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2016), Section IV.
(66)
Quoted in http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8062882.stm (accessed 20 July 2016).
(67)
Cf. K. Balagopal, ‘Andhra Pradesh: Beyond Media Images,’ EPW, 12 June 2004.
(68)
Ramachandra Guha, ‘Redrawing the Map, Again,’ Hindustan Times, 10 December 2009.
(69)
See Jairam Ramesh, Old History, New Geography: Bifurcating Andhra Pradesh (New Delhi: Rupa, 2016), Chapter 2 and passim.
(71)
This account is based on http://www.rediff.com/news/amarnath08.html.
www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/amarnath-land-row-chronology-of-events/38658.html (both accessed 20 July 2016), as well as on my own recollection of the events as they unfolded at the time.
(72)
The Christian Science Monitor, 7 July 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2010/0707/Indian-Army-deployed-to-quell-deadly-Kashmir-protests (accessed 20 July 2016).
(74)
Jim Yardley, ‘Tensions High Across Kashmir After Koran Protests,’ New York Times, 14 September 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/15/world/asia/15kashmir.html?_r=0 (accessed 20 July 2016).
(75)
Siddharth Varadarajan, ‘The Only Package Kashmir Needs is Justice,’ The Hindu, 20 August 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-only-package-kashmir-needs-is-justice/article551897.ece (accessed 20 July 2016).
(76)
Cf. Yoginder Sikand, ‘Jihad, Islam and Kashmir: Syed Ali Shah Geelani’s Political Project,’ EPW, 2 October 2010.
(79)
The Hindu, 9 March 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article725434.ece (accessed 20 July 2016).

الفصل الثلاثون: صعود «نظام حزب بهاراتيا جاناتا»

(1)
Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, Towards Green Villages: A Strategy for Environmentally-Sound and Participatory Rural Development (New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment, 1989); Mukul Sharma, Green and Saffron: Hindu Nationalism and Indian Environmental Politics (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2011).
(2)
Quoted in Jiby Kattakayam, ‘I will fight till joint panel is set up,’ The Hindu, 5 April, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-will-fight-till-joint-panel-is-set-up-hazare/article1601666.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
(3)
David Lalmalsawma, ‘Hunger strike over Lokpal Bill as thousands protest corruption,’ http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56135720110405, (accessed 1 August 2016).
(4)
Debarshi Dasgupta, ‘Beyond Clicktivism,’ Outlook, 18 April 2011, http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/beyond-clicktivism/271256 (accessed 1 August 2016).
(5)
Sandeep Joshi, ‘Hazare ends fast, says fight has begun,’ The Hindu, 9 April 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hazare-ends-fast-says-fight-has-begun/article1645213.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
(6)
Vinay Kumar, ‘Suresh Kalmadi arrested,’ The Hindu, 25 April 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1765899.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
(7)
As reported by Jiby Kattakayam in The Hindu, 4 June 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-wont-sit-back-and-watch-if-attacks-are-made-on-me-ramdev/article2076204.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
(8)
See http://www.firstpost.com/politics/crackdown-20504.html (accessed 1 August 2016).
(10)
Gargi Parsai, ‘Cabinet approves Lokpal Bill,’ The Hindu, 28 July 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-lokpal-bill/article2302010.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
(12)
This paragraph is based on reports in The Telegraph, 17–21 August 2011.
(13)
Arati R. Jerath, ‘Netas Shaken and Stirred,’ Times of India, Crest Edition, 27 August 2011; ‘Middle Class Deserts Manmohan,’ cover story in Outlook, 29 August 2011.
(15)
Gargi Parsai, ‘‘Anna Hazare ends fast,’ The Hindu, 28 August 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anna-hazare-ends-fast/article2405862.ece; Maseeh Rahman, ‘‘Anna Hazare ends hunger strike after Indian government backs down,’ The Guardian, 28 August 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/28/anna-hazare-ends-hunger-strike (both accessed 1 August 2016).
(16)
Reports in The Hindu, 3 February 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/supreme-court-scraps-upas-illegal-2g-sale/article2855383.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
(19)
Report in The Hindu, 17 August 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-coal-burns-rs186000crore-hole-in-exchequer/article3784709.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
(20)
T. K. Rajalakshmi, ‘Woman as victim,’ Frontline, 6 February 2015; Mohammad Ali, ‘No smartphones for girls, rules Muzaffarnagar Jat panchayat,’ The Hindu, Bengaluru, 26 June 2016.
(21)
Purva Khera, Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India, IMF Working Paper, February 2016, available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wp1616.pdf
(22)
Malvika Chandran, ‘Women in the Workplace: India ranks lowest in the diversity study,’ Mint, 7 September 2011.
(23)
Mahendra K. Premi, ‘The Missing Girl Child,’ EPW, 26 May 2001; P. N. Mari Bhatt, ‘On the Trail of “Missing” Indian Females,’ in two parts, EPW, 21 and 28 December 2002.
(24)
Ravinder Kaur, ‘Across-Region Marriages: Poverty, Female Migration and the Sex Ratio,’ EPW, 19 June 2004; Prem Chowdhry, ‘Crisis of Masculinity in Haryana: The Unmarried, the Unemployed, and the Aged,’ EPW, 3 December 2005.
(25)
Rupali Sharma, ‘Beware of the Devil at Home,’ Sunday Times of India, Kolkata, 13 January 2013.
(27)
Report in The Hindu, 23 December 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/waves-of-protest-slam-raisina-hill/article4230667.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
(29)
Press Trust of India report dated 19 March 2013, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-19/news/37844331_1_acid-attacks-life-term-jail-term (accessed 2 August 2016).
(31)
Report in the Times of India, 12 December 2013, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-makes-homosexuality-a-crime-again/articleshow/27230690.cms (accessed 3 August 2016).
(34)
See http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-chief-minister-narendra-modi-srcc-college-delhi-university/1/249136.html; and, for a video recording of a representative speech, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOJE59fwj_w (both accessed 2 August 2016). Modi’s rebranding of himself from the late 2000s onwards has been well analysed in Nilanjan Mukhopadhyaya, Narendra Modi: The Man, the Times (Chennai: Westland, 2013).
(39)
Rahul Verma and Shreyas Sardesai, ‘Does Media Exposure Affect Voting Behaviour and Political Preferences in India?,’ EPW, 27 September 2014.
(40)
Joyojeet Pal, Priyank Chandra and V. G. Vinod Vydiswaran, ‘Twitter and the Rebranding of Narendra Modi,’ EPW, 20 February 2016.
(42)
For an excellent overview and analysis of the general election campaign, see Rajdeep Sardesai, 2014: The Election That Changed India (Gurgaon: Penguin India, 2015).
(44)
Amrita Datta, ‘Migration, Remittance and Changing Sources of Income in Rural Bihar (1999–2011),’ EPW, 30 July 2016.
(45)
R. B. Bhagat, ‘Nature of Migration and Its Contribution to India’s Urbanization,’ in Deepak K. Mishra, ed., Internal Migration in Contemporary India (New Delhi: Sage, 2016).
(46)
Pramit Bhattacharya, ‘The rise of India’s “neo middle class”, Mint, 31 December 2012, http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/1bdWFKo9ImvhFySfrCI3aJ/The-rise-of-Indias-neo-middle-class.html (accessed 6 August 2016).
(47)
These paragraphs draw on two excellent collections: Himanshu, Praveen Jha and Gerry Rodgers, eds, The Changing Village in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016); and the special issue of EPW ’s Review of Rural Affairs, 25 June–2 July 2016, both of which feature longitudinal analyses of villages in different parts of India that have been extensively studied and re-studied by economists and anthropologists since the 1950s.
(48)
Dipankar Gupta, ‘The Importance of Being “Rurban”,’ EPW, 13 June 2015.
(49)
Lydia Polgreen, ‘Destroying India’s walls with success in business,’ International Herald Tribune, 21 December 2011; Devesh Kapur, D. Shyam Babu and Chandra Bhan Prasad, Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs (New Delhi: Random House India, 2014).
(50)
The Hindu, 25 July 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article3678009.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
(52)
Sripad Motiram and Nayantara Sarma, ‘The Tragedy of Identity: Reflections on Violent Social Conflict in Western Assam,’ EPW, 15 March 2014.
(53)
Deevakar Anand, ‘How not to handle a riot’s aftermath,’ Tehelka, 12 October 2013; ‘Muzaffarnagar: Tales of death and despair in India’s riot-torn town,’ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24172537 (accessed 2 August 2016); Jagpal Singh,‘Communal Violence in Muzaffarnagar,’ EPW, 30 July 2016.
(54)
Report in Outlook, 18 May 2014, http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/elections-2014-took-18-months-of-planning/841162 (accessed 2 August 2016).
(55)
E. Sridharan, ‘Class Voting in the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections,’ EPW, 27 September 2014.
(56)
Rana Ayyub, ‘The RSS Blueprint for Narendra Modi,’ DNA, 29 May 2014, http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/analysis-the-rss-blueprint-for-narendra-modi-1992165 (accessed 3 August 2016).
(62)
Report in The Hindu, 2 January 2015, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/planning-commission-to-be-renamed-niti-ayog/article6744546.ece (accessed 3 August 2016).
(64)
Reports in Times of India, 4 August 2016.
(65)
See Vijay Joshi, India’s Long Road: The Search for Prosperity (Gurgaon: Penguin India, 2015), Chapter 5.
(66)
Shweta Punj and M. G. Arun, ‘Where are the Jobs,’ India Today, 2 May 2016.
(67)
Report in the Financial Times, 20 September 2015.
(72)
Kanti Bajpai, ‘Modi’s foreign policy of shanti and shakti,’ Seminar, January 2016.
(75)
Some analysts, however, worried that under Modi’s leadership India was coming too close to the United States, and sacrificing its own strategic interests by allowing itself to be used by the US as a counterpoint to China. See Srinath Raghavan, ‘Skidding Down the Strategic Slope: Indo-US Relations,’ EPW, issue of 25 June–2 July 2016.
(76)
Rajni Kothari, Politics in India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1970), pp. 156-7, 187, 192, 304, 307.
(77)
Ramachandra Guha, ‘The Long Life and Lingering Death of the Indian National Congress,’ in Democrats and Dissenters (Gurgaon: Allen Lane, 2016).
(78)
Malini Bhattacharjee, ‘Tracing the Emergence and Consolidation of Hindutva in Assam,’ EPW, 16 April 2016; Udayon Misra, ‘Victory for Identity Politics, not Hindutva in Assam,’ EPW, 28 May 2016.
(80)
‘Rohith’s Living Legacy,’ EPW, 6 February 2016.
(81)
Ashwaq Masoodi, ‘The rise of the Gau Rakshak,’ Mint, 26 July 2016; Arpit Parashar, ‘The lynch mob and agenda 2017,’ Fountain Ink, December 2015; Parth M. N. ‘Vigilante groups beat and kill to protect cows in India,’ http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-cow-terror-snap-story.html (accessed 3 August 2016).
(82)
See http://scroll.in/article/812329/your-mother-you-take-care-of-it-meet-the-dalits-behind-gujarats-stirring-cow-carcass-protests (accessed 3 August 2016); Reports in the Times of India, 19 and 20 July 2016.
(83)
http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-real-story-of-what-hardik-patel-21-wants-and-why-1210424 (accessed 3 August 2016); Mahesh Langa, ‘Gujarat on the boil,’ The Hindu, 27 August 2015; Arpit Parashar, ‘Jats create new divisions,’ Fountain Ink, April 2016.
(84)
Prem Chowdhry, ‘Masculine Spaces: Rural Male Culture in North India,’ EPW, 22 November 2014; Alice Tilche, ‘Migration, Bacherlood and Discontent among the Patidars,’ EPW, Review of Rural Affairs, 25 June–July 2 2016.
(85)
As this book goes to press, in October 2016, the Marathas in Maharashtra, likewise the dominant caste in their state, have launched a major agitation demanding affirmative action for themselves, if need be at the expense of the Dalits.
(86)
Sunday Times of India, 10 July 2016; , Shujaat Bukhari, ‘Wrath of Kashmir,’ Frontline, 19 August 2016.
(87)
Shah Faesal, ‘Every hour of prime time TV news aggression pushes Kashmir a mile westward from India,’ Indian Express, 20 July 2016, http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/kashmir-protest-burhan-wani-killing-selective-indian-media-coverage-insensitive-residents-column-2922176/ (accessed 3 August 2016).

خاتمة

(1)
Isaiah Berlin, ‘Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power’ (1979), in his Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, edited by Henry Hardy (London: Pimlico, 1997), pp. 346-7, 353-4.
(2)
The modern literature on nationalism will fill a decent-sized library. For a sampling of relevant works, see Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983); Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986); Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992); Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: Verso, 1997). Cf. also the classic early work of Hans Kohn: Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1955).
(3)
See Mukul Kesavan, Secular Common Sense (New Delhi: Penguin India, 2001).
(4)
Cf. Javeed Alam, Who Wants Democracy? (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004).
(5)
Bernard D. Nossiter, Soft State: A Newspaperman’s Chronicle of India (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 119–23.
(6)
Joseph Stalin, Marxism and the National Question (London: Martin Lawrence, 1936), pp. 5-6.
(7)
Quoted in Peter A. Blitstein, ‘Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School,’ in Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin, A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 255.
(8)
See Neil DeVotta, Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 89–91.
(9)
See S. M. Burke, ed., Jinnah: Speeches and Statements 1947-1948 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 150, emphasis added.
(10)
Howard, quoted in Samuel Huntingdon, Who Are We? America’s Great Debate (Indian edition: New Delhi: Penguin India, 2004), pp. 28-9.
(11)
Cf. David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (London: John Murray, 2005).
(12)
CAD, Volume 10, pp. 43–51.
(13)
On the history and functioning of the IAS, see David C. Potter, India’s Political Administrators: From ICS to IAS (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996); K. P. Krishnan and T. V. Somanathan, ‘Civil Service: An Institutional Perspective,’ in Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, eds, Public Institutions in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004).
(14)
Nehru to General Lockhart, 13 August 1947, in Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
(15)
See papers in Group XXI, Part II, Cariappa Papers.
(16)
Nehru to Cariappa, 13 October 1952, in Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers.
(17)
Report in The Hindu, 14 January 1953, reproduced in the same newspaper on 14 January 2003.
(18)
See correspondence in Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers.
(19)
Note of 12 December 1958, Group XXXIII, Part I, Cariappa Papers. Cariappa went on to claim that for these Pakistani Generals ‘war between India and Pakistan was simply unthinkable’.
(20)
Frank Moraes to General Cariappa, 19 December 1968, Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers.
(21)
J. S. Aurora, ‘If Khalistan Comes, the Sikhs will be the Losers,’ Patwant Singh and Harji Malik, eds, Punjab: The Fatal Miscalculation (New Delhi: Patwant Singh, 1985), pp. 137-8.
(22)
Cf. Steven Wilkinson, Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015).
(23)
C. Rajagopalachari, quoted in Guy Wint, Spotlight on Asia (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1955), p. 130.
(24)
Woodcock, Beyond the Blue Mountains: An Autobiography (Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1987), p. 105.
(25)
S. Gopal, ‘The English Language in India Since Independence,’ in John Grigg, ed., Nehru Memorial Lectures, 1966–1991 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 202-3.
(26)
Parry, ‘Nehru’s Dream and the Village “Waiting Room”: Long Distance Labour Migrants to a Central Indian Steel Town,’ Contributions to Indian Sociology, volume 37, 2003.
(27)
Pratap Bhanu Mehta, ‘Playing the Baloch Card,’ Indian Express, 18 August 2016.
(28)
Sajal Nag, In Search of the Blue Bird: Auditing Peace Negotiations in Nagaland, NMML Occasional Paper, History of Society, New Series, number 60 (New Delhi: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 2014); N. K. Das, ‘Naga Peace Parleys: Sociological Reflections and a Plea for Pragmatism,’ EPW, 18 June 2011.
(29)
Cf. Malem Ningthouja, ‘“Us”, “them”, and an elusive peace,’ The Hindu, 7 September 2015; Pradip Phanjoubam, ‘In Northeast, lines of conflict,’ Deccan Chronicle, 4 September 2015.
(30)
Yadav, ‘Understanding the Second Democratic Upsurge: Trends of Bahujan Participation in Electoral Politics in the 1990s,’ in Francine R. Frankel, Zoya Hasan, Rajeev Bhargava and Balveer Arora, eds, Transforming India: Social and Political Dynamics of Democracy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 133.
(31)
Amit Ahuja and Pradeep Chibber, ‘Why the Poor Vote in India: “If I Don’t Vote, I am Dead to the State”,’ Studies in Comparative International Development, volume 47, number 4, 2012.
(32)
Mukulika Banerjee, ‘Sacred Elections,’ EPW, 28 April 2007.
(33)
Report in the Deccan Herald, 10 October 2004.
(34)
Bela Bhatia, The Naxalite Movement, pp. 114–20.
(35)
J. M. Lyngdoh, quoted in The Times of India, 3 December 2003.
(36)
Devadas Gandhi to Louis Fischer, 12 January 1952, Fischer papers, Princeton University Library.
(37)
See, for instance, the collected works of R. K. Laxman, published by Penguin India. Laxman is the most prolific and (by common consent) the most original of Indian cartoonists, but there have been many other gifted practitioners, who, like him, specialize in political satire.
(38)
Cf. obituary in The Telegraph, 2 January 2003.
(39)
Anderson, The Spectre of Comparisons (London: Verso, 1998), p. 132.
(40)
See ‘Politics as a Vocation’ in Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946).
(41)
See, for a general overview of corruption in independent India, Shiv Visvanathan and Harsh Sethi, eds, Foul Play: Chronicles of Corruption (New Delhi: Banyan Books, 1998).
(42)
B. S. Nagaraj, ‘Smokescreen Resort,’ Indian Political Review, July 2003.
(43)
For an excellent discussion of these issues, see T. N. Ninan, The Turn of the Tortoise: The Challenge and Promise of India’s Future (Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, 2015), especially Chapters 2, 5 and 10.
(44)
Peter Ronald deSouza, ‘Democracy’s Inconvenient Fact,’ Seminar, November 2004; Prem Shankar Jha, ‘Keep it Poll-ution Free,’ Hindustan Times, 2 January 2006; report in the Times of India (Bangalore edition), 21 January 2006.
(45)
Sunday, 2–9 March 1985.
(46)
Reetika Khera, ‘Monitoring Disclosures,’ Seminar, February 2004. This account of the criminalization of politics also draws upon information supplied by Professor Trilochan Sastry, a founder member of the Association for Democratic Reforms, the group which filed the original PIL in the Supreme Court.
(47)
Samuel Paul and M. Vivekananda, ‘Holding a Mirror to the New Lok Sabha,’ Economic and Political Weekly, 6 November 2004.
(48)
Trilochan Sastry, ‘Towards Decriminalisation of Elections and Politics,’ EPW, 4 January 2014. The link between crime and politics is the subject of Milan Vaishnav’s When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics (New Delhi: HarperCollins 2017), published just as this book is going to press.
(49)
Arild Engelsen Ruud, ‘Talking Dirty about Politics: A View from a Bengali Village,’ in C. J. Fuller and Veronique Bénéi, eds, The Everyday State and Society in India (New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2000), pp. 116–8.
(50)
Report in the International Herald Tribune, 19 November 2004.
(51)
Jorge Louis Borges, The Total Library: Non-Fiction, 1922–1986, edited by Elliot Weinberger and translated by Esther Allen, Jill Levine, and Elliot Weinberger (London: Penguin Books, 2001), p. 309; R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970), p. 154.
(52)
Patrick French, India: A Portrait (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Jr. 2011).
(53)
Kanchan Chandra, ed., Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
(54)
As reported in the New Indian Express, Coimbatore, 25/7/2011.
(55)
Damayanti Datta, ‘What Makes him Cry: Why the Judicial System has Broken Down and how to Fix it’; Harish Narasappa, ‘The Long, Expensive Road to Justice,’ both in India Today, 9 May 2016.
(56)
Report in the Times of India, 17 September 2010, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eight-chief-justices-were-corrupt-Ex-law-minister/articleshow/6568723.cms (accessed 19 August 2016).
(57)
See Mandira Nayar, ‘License to Silence?,’ The Week, 11 October 2015.
(58)
As reported in the Indian Express, 4 September 2014, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ex-cji-sathasivam-appointed-kerala-governor/ (accessed 29 August 2016).
(59)
Murali Karnam, ‘Conditions of Undertrials in India,’ EPW, 26 March 2016.
(60)
Ninan, Turn of the Tortoise, p. 120.
(62)
Report in the Times of India, 27 November 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Police-most-corrupt-dept-in-state-says-portal/articleshow/45289327.cms (accessed 29 August 2016).
(64)
For a fuller analysis, see the essay ‘Eight Threats to Freedom of Expression in India,’ in Ramachandra Guha, Democrats and Dissenters (Gurgaon: Allen Lane, 2016).
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