قراءات إضافية
أعمال داروين العلمية
For most of Darwin’s scientific
books, one copy of the book is as good as another. However,
for The Origin of
Species, I have a recommendation. Someone reading
the book for the first time would do well to read the text
of the first edition (1859). After Darwin first published
the Origin, it provoked a
mass of comment and criticism. Darwin dealt with these
criticisms, and added further thoughts of his own, in a
series of later editions: he published six editions in all.
Darwin scholars love to track his changing thoughts through
the six editions, but most readers will want to read only
one edition. The first edition gives Darwin’s argument in
the clearest and most concise forms. The later editions
become increasingly cluttered with replies (explicit and
implicit) to critics. Moreover, from a modern perspective,
the critics in Darwin’s own time are no longer of major
importance. The critics have not been vindicated, and
Darwin’s replies to them have proved unnecessary. The
version of Darwin’s theory that is accepted by modern
biologists does differ from Darwin’s original version, but
not in ways that either Darwin or his critics foresaw. You
therefore do not get a more modern version of the theory by
reading the sixth rather than the first edition; you get the
same Darwinian theory but it is harder to follow in the
later editions. There are several editions of The Origin of Species in print
at present, and I recommend checking that the text is of
Darwin’s first (1859) edition.
حياة داروين
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Darwin, C. Autobiography. It was originally published, in expurgated form, as a chapter in Darwin’s Life and Letters (1887). The full text is available in several modern editions.
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Browne, J. (1995–2002). Charles Darwin. 2 vols. Jonathan Cape, London. There are dozens of biographies of Darwin. This one is authoritative, and as near as any to being the “standard ”modern biography.
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The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge University Press. A huge scholarly publishing project, as yet incomplete. It will publish all Darwin’s known correspondence, in a large but unknown number of volumes. With its editorial annotations, it amounts to a biography of Darwin in itself.
أفكار داروين: مصادر ثانوية
The following two books are the best
scientific commentaries; they both discuss Darwin’s
theorizing and its relation to subsequent scientific
advances. Cronin concentrates more on social behaviour,
Ghiselin more on systematics, but both range
widely.
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Cronin, H. (1991). The Ant and the Peacock. Cambridge University Press.
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Ghiselin, M. T. (1969). The Triumph of the Darwinian Method. University of California Press.
أفكار حديثة حول التطور
Richard Dawkins is a superbly clear
popularizer of Darwinian ideas, particularly adaptation and
natural selection—though his most recent book The Ancestor’s Tale is about
evolutionary history.
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Dawkins, R. (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. W. H. Freeman.
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Dawkins, R. (1989). The Selfish Gene. 2nd edn. Oxford University Press.
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Dawkins, R. (2004). The Ancestor’s Tale. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Stephen Jay Gould’s popular essays
cover a huge range of evolutionary topics; many of them are
about Darwin’s own thinking. The essays were written
separately over more than twenty-five years and gathered in
a series of books.
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Gould, S. J. (1977). Ever Since Darwin. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (1980). The Panda’s Thumb. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (1983). Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (1985). The Flamingo’s Smile. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (1991). Bully for Brontosaurus. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (1993). Eight Little Piggies. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (1996). Dinosaur in a Haystack. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (1998). Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (2000). The Lying Stones of Marrakech. W. W. Norton, New York.
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Gould, S. J. (2002). I Have Landed. W. W. Norton, New York.
Jones, S. (1999). Almost Like a Whale. Doubleday,
London. Also published (2000) as: Darwin’s Ghost: The Origin of Species
Updated. Ballantine Books, New York. In this
book, Steve Jones “updated ”The
Origin of Species, by keeping the chapter
structure of Darwin’s book but rewriting it with modern
examples. Steve Jones is a witty and readable popularizer of
science.
I have written some educational books
on evolution, including a college-level text and an edited
anthology of major papers on evolution by “big-name”
evolutionary biologists.
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Ridley, M. (2003). Evolution. 3rd edn. Blackwell Publishing. The college-level text.
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Ridley, M. (ed.) (2004). Evolution. 2nd edn. Oxford Readers series. Oxford University Press. The anthology.
http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/
contains texts of many of Darwin’s books, papers, letters,
and other writings.
http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/
includes full searchable texts of The Origin of Species (1st and 6th edns.),
The Descent of Man, and The
Voyage of the “Beagle”, together with other
Darwinian material, such as Darwin-related
holidays.