(1-1) Atmospheric compositions of Earth, Mars,
and Venus (A version of this figure first appeared in Timothy M.
Lenton, ‘Gaia and Natural Selection’. Nature 394, 439–47 (1998).
Redrawn)
(1-2) Positive and negative
feedback
(1-3) The silicate weathering negative
feedback
(1-4) The ice-albedo positive feedback
(1-5) The ‘Bretherton diagram’ of fluid and
biological Earth processes (Adapted and redrawn from Earth System Science Overview: A
Program for Global Change
(Washington, DC: NASA Advisory Council, 1986) Fig. 2b, p.
19)
(2-1) Fluxes of gases exchanged at the Earth’s
surface today and on an abiotic Earth (A version of this figure
first appeared in Timothy M. Lenton, ‘Gaia and Natural Selection’.
Nature 394, 439–47 (1998).
Redrawn)
(2-2) Biogeochemical cycling at Earth’s surface
and via the rock cycle
(2-3) The oxygen cycle
(2-4) The carbon cycle
(2-5) The phosphorus cycle
(2-6) The nitrogen cycle
(3-1) The bath metaphor of
regulation
(3-2) Results from the ‘Redfield’
model
(3-3) Atmospheric oxygen regulation over
Phanerozoic time
(3-4) Atmosphericvariation over Phanerozoic
time
(3-5) The CLAW hypothesis of
feedbacks
(3-6) The Antarctic ice core record of
atmosphericand temperature change (Figure by
Andrew Watson taken from Revolutions that
Made the Earth by Tim Lenton and Andrew Watson
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) Fig. 18.3, p. 359. By
permission of Oxford University Press)
(4-1) Timeline of Earth
history
(4-2) Atmospheric oxygen over Earth
history
(5-1) Timeline of human evolution set against
environmental variability
(5-2) Escalating human fossil
fuelemissions
(5-3) The ‘Keeling curve’ of
atmosphericmeasurements
(5-4) The instrumental global average temperature
record
(6-1) Relation of cumulative carbon emissions to
global temperature change
(6-2) Map of potential tipping elements in the
Earth’s climate system
(7-1) Energy and material
flows
(7-2) Planetary boundaries (Adapted from Steffen et
al. (2015) ‘Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a
Changing Planet’. Science 347: 736)
(7-3) Teleological feedback within the Earth
system
(8-1) A model projection of the lifespan of the
biosphere
(8-2) Evolution of the Sun’s habitable zone over
time
(8-3) Planetary system comparison (Adapted from
Quintana et al. (2014) ‘An Earth-Sized Planet in the Habitable
Zone of a Cool Star’. Science 344: 277–80)
