ملاحظات
مقدمة
(1)
Wilkinson, D. T., and Peebles, P., in
Particle Physics and the
Universe, 136–41 (World Scientific,
2001).
(2)
Turok, N., ‘The Astonishing Simplicity of
Everything’, public lecture at the Perimeter Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Ontario, Canada, 7 October
2015,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1x-9lgX8GaE.
(3)
Sober, E., Ockham’s
Razors (Cambridge University Press,
2015).
(4)
Doyle, A. C., The
Sign of Four (Broadview Press,
2010).
(5)
Barnett, L., and Einstein, A., The Universe and Dr
Einstein (Courier Corporation,
2005).
(6)
Wootton, D., The
Invention of Science: A New History of the
Scientific Revolution (Penguin, 2015).
Gribbin, J., Science: A
History (Penguin, 2003). Ignotofsky, R.,
Women in Science: 50
Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World
(Ten Speed Press, 2016). Kuhn, T. S., The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions (University of Chicago Press,
2012).
الجزء الأول: الاكتشاف
الفصل الأول: عن العلماء والمهرطِقين
(1)
de Ockham, G., and Ockham, W.,
William of
Ockham: ‘A Letter to the Friars Minor’
and Other Writings (Cambridge
University Press,
1995).
(2)
Knysh, G., ‘Biographical
Rectifications Concerning Ockham’s Avignon
Period’, Franciscan
Studies, 46, 61–91
(1986).
(3)
Villehardouin, G., and De
Joinville, J., Chronicles of the Crusades
(Courier Corporation,
2012).
(4)
Evans, J., Life in Medieval France (Phaidon
Paperback, 1957).
(5)
Sparavigna, A. C., ‘The Light
Linking Dante Alighieri to Robert Grosseteste’,
PHILICA, Article no. 572
(2016).
(6)
Gill, M. J., Angels and the Order of Heaven
in Medieval and Renaissance Italy
(Cambridge University Press,
2014).
(7)
Jowett, B., and Campbell, L.,
Plato’s
Republic, vol. 3, 518c (Clarendon
Press, 1894).
(8)
Smith, A. M., ‘Saving the
Appearances of the Appearances: The Foundations
of Classical Geometrical Optics’, Archive for History of Exact
Sciences, 73–99
(1981).
(9)
Deakin, M. A., ‘Hypatia and Her
Mathematics’, American
Mathematical Monthly, 101, 234–43
(1994).
(10)
Charles, R. H., The Chronicle of John, Bishop
of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg’s
Ethiopic Text, vol. 4 (Arx
Publishing, 2007).
(11)
Munitz, M. K., Theories of the
Universe (Simon and Schuster,
2008).
الفصل الثاني: فيزياء الرب
(1)
Laistner, M., ‘The Revival of Greek in
Western Europe in the Carolingian Age’, History, 9, 177–87
(1924).
(2)
Clark, G., ‘Growth or Stagnation?
Farming in England, 1200–1800’, Economic History
Review, 71, 55–81
(2018).
(3)
Nordlund, T., ‘The Physics of
Augustine: The Matter of Time, Change and an
Unchanging God’, Religions, 6, 221–44
(2015).
(4)
Gill, T., Confessions
(Bridge Logos Foundation,
2003).
(5)
Al-Khalili, J., Pathfinders: The Golden Age of
Arabic Science (Penguin,
2010).
(6)
Dinkova-Bruun, G., et al.,
The Dimensions of
Colour: Robert Grosseteste’s De
Colore (Institute of Medieval and
Renaissance Studies,
2013).
(7)
Hannam, J., The Genesis of Science: How the Christian
Middle Ages Launched the Scientific
Revolution (Regnery Publishing,
2011).
(8)
Zajonc, A., Catching the Light: The Entwined History of
Light and Mind (Oxford University
Press, USA, 1995).
(9)
Meri, J. W., Medieval Islamic Civilization:
An Encyclopedia (Routledge,
2005).
(10)
Lombard, P., The First Book of Sentences on
the Trinity and Unity of God;
https://franciscan-archive.org/lombardus/I-Sent.html.
(11)
Sylla, E. D., in The Cultural Context of
Medieval Learning, 349–96
(Springer, 1975).
(12)
Riddell, J., The Apology of
Plato (Clarendon Press,
1867).
الفصل الثالث: الشفرة
(1)
Hammer, C. I., ‘Patterns of
Homicide in a Medieval University Town:
Fourteenth-Century Oxford’, Past &
Present, 3–23
(1978).
(2)
Ibid.
(3)
Little, A. G., Franciscan History and Legend
in English Mediaeval Art, vol. 19
(Manchester University Press,
1937).
(4)
Lambertini, R., ‘Francis of Marchia
and William of Ockham: Fragments From a
Dialogue’, Vivarium, 44, 184–204
(2006).
(5)
Leff, G., William of Ockham: The Metamorphosis of
Scholastic Discourse (Manchester
University Press, 1975).
(6)
Tornay, S. C., ‘William of Ockham’s
Nominalism’, Philosophical Review, 45, 245–67
(1936).
(7)
Ibid.
(8)
Loux, M. J., Ockham’s Theory of Terms: Part
I of the Summa Logicae (St
Augustine’s Press, 2011).
(9)
Goddu, A., The Physics of William of
Ockham, vol. 16 (Brill Archive,
1984).
(10)
Freddoso, A. J., Quodlibetal
Questions (Yale University Press,
1991).
(11)
Kaye, S. M., and Martin, R. M.,
On Ockham
(Wadsworth/Thompson Learning Inc.,
2001).
(12)
Sylla, E. D., in The Cultural Context of
Medieval Learning, 349–96
(Springer, 1975).
(13)
Shea, W. R., ‘Causality and
Scientific Explanation, Vol. I: Medieval and
Early Classical Science by William A. Wallace’,
Thomist: A
Speculative Quarterly Review, 37,
393–6 (1973).
(14)
Leff, William of
Ockham.
(15)
Spade, P. V., The Cambridge Companion to
Ockham (Cambridge University
Press, 1999).
(16)
Ibid.
(17)
Kaye and Martin, On
Ockham.
(18)
Keele, R., Ockham Explained: From Razor to
Rebellion, vol. 7 (Open Court
Publishing, 2010).
(19)
de Ockham, G., and Ockham,
W., William of
Ockham: ‘A Letter to the Friars Minor’
and Other Writings (Cambridge
University Press,
1995).
(20)
Mollat, G., The Popes at Avignon:
1305–1378 (trans. J. Love), 38–9
(Thomas Nelson & Sons,
1963).
(21)
Brampton, C. K., ‘Personalities at
the Process Against Ockham at Avignon, 1324–26’,
Franciscan
Studies, 26, 4–25 (1966). Birch,
T. B., The De Sacramento
Altaris of William of Ockham
(Wipf and Stock Publishers,
2009).
الفصل الرابع: ما مدى بساطة الحقوق؟
(1)
Van Duffel, S., and Robertson,
S., Ockham’s Theory
of Natural Rights (available
at SSRN 1632452,
2010).
(2)
Deane, J. K., A History of Medieval Heresy
and Inquisition (Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers,
2011).
(3)
Mariotti, L., A Historical Memoir of Frà
Dolcino and his Times; Being an Account of a
general Struggle for Ecclesiastical Reform
and of an anti-heretical crusade in Italy,
in the early part of the fourteenth
century (Longman, Brown, Green,
1853).
(4)
Burr, D., The
Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to
Persecution in the Century After Saint
Francis (Penn State Press,
2001).
(5)
Haft, A. J., White, J. G., and
White, R. J., The Key to
‘The Name of the Rose’: Including
Translations of All Non-English
Passages (University of Michigan
Press, 1999).
(6)
de Ockham, G., and Ockham,
W., William of
Ockham: ‘A Letter to the Friars Minor’
and Other Writings (Cambridge
University Press,
1995).
(7)
Knysh, G., ‘Biographical
Rectifications Concerning Ockham’s Avignon
Period’, Franciscan
Studies, 46, 61–91
(1986).
(8)
Leff, G., William of Ockham: The Metamorphosis of
Scholastic Discourse (Manchester
University Press, 1975).
(9)
Tierney, B., The Idea of Natural Rights:
Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and
Church Law, 1150–1625, vol. 5
(Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
2001).
(10)
Tierney, B., ‘The Idea of Natural
Rights-Origins and Persistence’, Northwestern Journal of
International Human Rights, 2, 2
(2004).
(11)
Ibid.
(12)
Witte Jr, J., and Van der Vyver, J.
D., Religious Human
Rights in Global Perspective: Religious
Perspectives, vol. 2 (Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publishing,
1996).
(13)
Tierney, B., ‘Villey, Ockham and
the Origin of Individual Rights’, in Witte, J.
(ed.), The Weightier
Matters of the Law: Essays on Law and
Religion, 1–31 (Scholars Press,
1988).
(14)
Chroust, A.-H., ‘Hugo Grotius and
the Scholastic Natural Law Tradition’, New Scholasticism,
17, 101–33 (1943).
(15)
Trachtenberg, O., ‘William of Occam
and the Prehistory of English Materialism’,
Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research, 6,
212–24 (1945).
الفصل الخامس: الشعلة
(1)
Etzkorn, G. J., ‘Codex Merton 284:
Evidence of Ockham’s Early Influence in Oxford’,
Studies in Church
History Subsidia, 5, 31–42
(1987).
(2)
Aleksander, J., ‘The Significance
of the Erosion of the Prohibition against
Metabasis to the Success and Legacy of the
Copernican Revolution’, Annales Philosophici, 9–22
(2011).
(3)
McGinnis, J., ‘A Medieval Arabic
Analysis of Motion at an Instant: The Avicennan
Sources to the forma fluens/fluxus formae
Debate’, British Journal
for the History of Science,
39(2), 189–205 (2006).
(4)
Copleston, F., A History of
Philosophy, vol. 3: Ockham to Suarez
(Paulist Press, 1954).
(5)
Goddu, A., ‘The Impact of Ockham’s
Reading of the Physics on the Mertonians and
Parisian Terminists’, Early Science and Medicine, 6,
204–36 (2001).
(6)
Sylla, E. D., ‘Medieval Dynamics’,
Physics
Today, 61, 51
(2008).
(7)
Courtenay, W. J., ‘The Reception of
Ockham’s Thought in Fourteenth-Century England’,
From Ockham to
Wyclif, 89–107 (Boydell and
Brewer, 1987).
(8)
Goddu, ‘The Impact of Ockham’s
Reading of the Physics’.
(9)
Heytesbury, W., On Maxima and Minima: Chapter
5 of Rules for Solving Sophismata: With an
Anonymous Fourteenth-Century
Discussion, vol. 26 (Springer
Science & Business Media,
2012).
(10)
Wikipedia definition of speed,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed#Historical_definition.
(11)
Barnett, L., and Einstein, A.,
The Universe and Dr
Einstein (Courier Corporation,
2005).
(12)
Klima, G., John Buridan (Oxford University
Press, 2008).
(13)
Goddu, A., The Physics of William of
Ockham, vol. 16 (Brill Archive,
1984).
(14)
Tachau, K., Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham:
Optics, Epistemology and the Foundation of
Semantics 1250–1345 (Brill,
2000).
(15)
Hannam, J., God’s Philosophers: How the Medieval World
Laid the Foundations of Modern
Science (Icon Books,
2009).
(16)
Ibid.
(17)
Shapiro, H., Medieval Philosophy:
Selected Readings from Augustine to
Buridan (Modern Library,
1964).
الفصل السادس: فترة الكساد الفكري
(1)
Alfani, G., and Murphy, T. E., ‘Plague
and Lethal Epidemics in the Pre-Industrial World’,
Journal of Economic
History, 77, 314–43
(2017).
(2)
Nicholl, C., Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the
Mind (Penguin,
2005).
(3)
Ibid.
(4)
Ibid.
(5)
Reti, L., ‘The Two Unpublished
Manuscripts of Leonardo da Vinci in the Biblioteca
Nacional of Madrid — II’, Burlington Magazine, 110, 81–91
(1968).
(6)
Duhem, P., ‘Research on the History of
Physical Theories’, Synthese, 83, 189–200
(1990).
(7)
Randall, J. H., ‘The Place of Leonardo
Da Vinci in the Emergence of Modern Science’,
Journal of the History
of Ideas, 191–202
(1953).
(8)
Long, M. P., ‘Francesco Landini and
the Florentine Cultural Elite’, Early Music
History, 3, 83–99
(1983).
(9)
Funkenstein, A., Theology and the Scientific
Imagination: From the Middle Ages to the
Seventeenth Century (Princeton
University Press, 2018).
(10)
Matsen, H., ‘Alessandro Achillini
(1463–1512) and “Ockhamism” at Bologna
(1490–1500)’, Journal of
the History of Philosophy, 13,
437–51 (1975).
(11)
Dutton, B. D., ‘Nicholas of
Autrecourt and William of Ockham on Atomism,
Nominalism, and the Ontology of Motion’,
Medieval Philosophy
& Theology, 5, 63–85
(1996).
(12)
Gillespie, M. A., Nihilism Before
Nietzsche (University of
Chicago Press,
1995).
(13)
Reti, ‘The Two Unpublished
Manuscripts of Leonardo da
Vinci’.
(14)
Ibid.
(15)
Boysen, B., ‘The Triumph of Exile:
The Ruptures and Transformations of Exile in
Petrarch’, Comparative
Literature Studies, 55, 483–511
(2018).
(16)
Petrarca, F., ‘On His Own Ignorance
and That of Many Others’ (trans. Hans Nicod), in
Cassirer, E., Kristeller, P. O., and Randall, J.
H. (eds), in The
Renaissance Philosophy of Man: Petrarca,
Valla, Ficino, Pico, Pomponazzi,
Vives, 47–133 (University of
Chicago Press, 2011).
(17)
Medieval Sourcebook: Petrarch,
The Ascent of Mount
Ventoux;
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/petrarch-ventoux.asp.
(18)
Rawski, C. H., Petrarch’s Remedies for
Fortune Fair and Foul: A Modern English
Translation of De Remediis Utriusque
Fortune, With A Commentary. References:
Bibliography, Indexes, Tables and
Maps, vol. 2, 226 (Indiana
University Press, 1991).
(19)
Trinkaus, C., ‘Petrarch’s Views on
the Individual and His Society’, Osiris, 11, 168–98
(1954).
(20)
Boucher, H. W., ‘Nominalism: The
Difference for Chaucer and Boccaccio’, Chaucer Review,
213–20 (1986).
(21)
Keiper, H., Bode, C., and Utz, R.
J., Nominalism and
Literary Discourse: New
Perspectives, vol. 10 (Rodopi,
1997).
(22)
Dvořák, M. The History of Art as a History of
Ideas (trans. John Hardy)
(Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1984).
(23)
Hauser, A., The Social History of Art, vol.
2: Renaissance (Routledge,
2005).
(24)
Kieckhefer, R., Magic in the Middle
Ages (Cambridge University Press,
2000).
(25)
Holborn, H., A History of Modern Germany:
The Reformation, vol. 1
(Princeton University Press,
1982).
(26)
Gillespie, M. A., The Theological Origins of
Modernity (University of Chicago
Press, 2008).
(27)
Oberman, H., The Dawn of the Reformation:
Essays in Late Medieval and Early
Reformation Thought (Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publishing,
1992).
(28)
Pekka, K., in Encyclopedia of Medieval
Philosophy: Philosophy Between 500 and
1500 (ed. Henrik Lagerlund),
14–45 (Springer, 2011).
الجزء الثاني: الانطلاق
الفصل السابع: كونٌ شمسيُّ المركزِ لكنه مُحكَم
(1)
Krauze-Błachowicz, K., ‘Was
Conceptualist Grammar in Use at Cracow
University?’, Studia
Antyczne i Mediewistyczne, 6,
275–85 (2008).
(2)
Matsen, H., ‘Alessandro Achillini
(1463–1512) and “Ockhamism” at Bologna
(1490–1500)’, Journal of
the History of Philosophy, 13,
437–51 (1975).
(3)
Edelheit, A., Ficino, Pico and Savonarola:
The Evolution of Humanist Theology
1461/2–1498 (Brill,
2008).
(4)
Barbour, J. B., The Discovery of Dynamics: A
Study from a Machian Point of View of the
Discovery and the Structure of Dynamical
Theories (Oxford University
Press, 2001).
(5)
Sobel, D., A More Perfect Heaven: How Copernicus
Revolutionised the Cosmos, 178 (A
& C Black, 2011).
(6)
Ibid.
(7)
Gingerich, O., ‘“Crisis” Versus
Aesthetic in the Copernican Revolution’,
Vistas in
Astronomy, 17, 85–95
(1975).
(8)
Copernicus, N., On the Revolutions
(trans. and commentary Edward Rosen) (Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1978),
http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/302d/Fall_2011/Full%20text%20-%20Nicholas%20Copernicus,%20_De%20Revolutionibus%20(On%20the%20Revolutions),_%201.pdf.
(9)
Gingerich, O., ‘“Crisis” Versus
Aesthetic in the Copernican Revolution’,
Vistas in
Astronomy, 17, 85–95
(1975).
الفصل الثامن: تقسيم الدوائر
(1)
Thoren, V. E., The Lord of Uraniborg: A
Biography of Tycho Brahe
(Cambridge University Press,
1990).
(2)
Ibid.
(3)
Oberman, H. A., The Harvest of Medieval
Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval
Nominalism (Harvard University
Press, 1963).
(4)
Methuen, C., Kepler’s Tübingen: Stimulus to
a Theological Mathematics
(Ashgate, 1998).
(5)
Field, J. V., ‘A Lutheran
Astrologer: Johannes Kepler’, Archive for History of Exact
Sciences, 31
(1984).
(6)
Spielvogel, J. J., Western
Civilization, 467 (Cengage
Learning, 2014).
(7)
Bialas, V., Johannes Kepler, vol. 566 (CH
Beck, 2004).
(8)
Chandrasekhar, S., The Pursuit of
Science, 410–20 (Minerva,
1984).
(9)
Kepler, J., The Harmony of the World, vol.
209, 302 (American Philosophical Society,
1997).
(10)
Poincaré, H., and Maitland, F.,
Science and
Method (Courier Corporation,
2003).
(11)
Dirac, P. A. M., ‘XI. — The
Relation Between Mathematics and Physics’,
Proceedings of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 59,
122–9 (1940).
(12)
Kepler, The
Harmony of the
World.
(13)
Martens, R., Kepler’s Philosophy and the
New Astronomy (Princeton
University Press, 2000).
(14)
Sober, E., Ockham’s Razors (Cambridge
University Press, 2015). Sober, E., ‘What is the
Problem of Simplicity’, Simplicity, Inference, and Econometric
Modelling, 13–32
(2002).
(15)
Fraser, J., ‘The Ever‐Presence of
Eternity’, Dialog, 39, 40–5
(2000).
الفصل التاسع: نقْلُ البساطةِ إلى الأجسام الأرضية
(1)
Sober, E., Ockham’s Razors
(Cambridge University Press,
2015).
(2)
Reeves, E. A., Galileo’s Glassworks: The Telescope and the
Mirror (Harvard University Press,
2009).
(3)
Ibid.
(4)
Galilei, G., and Van Helden, A.,
Sidereus Nuncius, or
the Sidereal Messenger
(University of Chicago Press,
2016).
(5)
Wootton, D., Galileo: Watcher of the
Skies (Yale University Press,
2010).
(6)
Galilei, G., and Wallace, W. A.,
Galileo’s Early
Notebooks: The Physical Questions: A
Translation from the Latin, with Historical
and Paleographical Commentary
(University of Notre Dame Press,
1977).
(7)
Buchwald, J. Z., A Master of Science History:
Essays in Honor of Charles Coulston
Gillispie, vol. 30 (Springer
Science & Business Media,
2012).
(8)
Sober, Ockham’s
Razors.
الفصل العاشر: الذرات والأرواح العارفة
(1)
Wojcik, J. W., Robert Boyle and the Limits of
Reason, 151–88 (Cambridge
University Press, 1997).
(2)
Hunter, M., Boyle: Between God and Science (Yale
University Press, 2010).
(3)
Ibid.
(4)
Ibid.
(5)
Ibid.
(6)
Ibid.
(7)
Pilkington, R., Robert Boyle: Father of Chemistry
(John Murray, 1959).
(8)
Descartes, R., Discourse on the Method of
Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking
Truth in the Sciences (Sutherland
and Knox, 1850).
(9)
Goddu, A., The Physics of William of
Ockham, vol. 16 (Brill Archive,
1984).
(10)
Hull, G., ‘Hobbes’s Radical
Nominalism’, Epoché: A
Journal for the History of
Philosophy, 11, 201–23
(2006).
(11)
Hobbes, T., Hobbes’s Leviathan, vol. 1
(Google Books, 1967).
(12)
Ibid.
(13)
Gillespie, M. A., The Theological Origins of
Modernity (ReadHowYouWant.com,
2010).
(14)
Lindberg, D. C., and Numbers, R.
L., When Science and
Christianity Meet (University of
Chicago Press, 2008).
(15)
Medawar, P., The Art of the
Soluble (Methuen,
1967).
(16)
Milton, J. R., ‘Induction Before
Hume’, British Journal
for the Philosophy of Science,
38, 49–74 (1987).
(17)
Hunter, Boyle.
(18)
Greene, R. A., ‘Henry More and
Robert Boyle on the Spirit of Nature’, Journal of the History of
Ideas, 451–74
(1962)
(19)
Wojcik, Robert
Boyle.
(20)
Ibid., 174.
(21)
Descartes, R., ‘Rules for the
Direction of the Mind’, in The Philosophical Works of
Descartes (trans. E. S. Haldane
and G. R. T. Ross), vol. 1, 7 (Dover
Publications, 1955).
(22)
Wood, A., and Bliss, P., Athenæ Oxonienses: An Exact
History of All the Writers and Bishops who
Have Had Their Education in the University
of Oxford. To which are Added, the Fasti Or
Annals, of the Said University
(F. C. & J. Rivington,
1820).
الفصل الحادي عشر: مفهوم الحركة
(1)
Stewart, L., ‘Other Centres of
Calculation, or, Where the Royal Society Didn’t
Count: Commerce, Coffee-Houses and Natural
Philosophy in Early Modern London’, British Journal for the
History of Science, 32, 133–53
(1999).
(2)
Koyré, A., ‘An Unpublished Letter
of Robert Hooke to Isaac Newton’, Isis, 43, 312–37
(1952).
(3)
Whitehead, A. N., Principia
mathematica
(1913).
(4)
Copleston, F., A History of
Philosophy, vol. 3: Ockham to Suarez
(Paulist Press, 1954).
(5)
Quoted in Kaye, S. M., and
Martin, R. M., On Ockham
(Wadsworth/Thompson Learning,
2001).
الفصل الثاني عشر: الاستفادة من مفهوم الحركة
(1)
Feuer, L. S., ‘The
Principle of Simplicity’, Philosophy of
Science, 24, 109–22
(1957).
(2)
Kitcher, P., The Advancement of Science:
Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without
Illusions, 280 (Oxford University
Press on Demand, 1995).
(3)
Brown, S. C., ‘Count Rumford and
the Caloric Theory of Heat’, Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society, 93, 316–25
(1949).
الجزء الثالث: شفرات الحياة
الفصل الثالث عشر: الشرارة الحيوية
(1)
von Walde-Waldegg, H., ‘Notes on the
Indians of the Llanos of Casanare and San Martin
(Colombia)’, Primitive
Man, 9, 38–45
(1936).
(2)
von Humboldt, A., Bonpland, A., and
Ross, T., Personal Narrative
of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of
America: During the Years
1799–1804, vols 1–3 (G. Bell &
Sons, 1894).
(3)
Lattman, P., ‘The Origins of
Justice Stewart’s “I Know It When I See It”’,
Wall Street
Journal, 27 September 2007,
https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-LB-4558.
(4)
Laertius, R. D. D., and Hicks, R.
D., Lives of Eminent
Philosophers (trans. R. D. Hicks)
(Heinemann, 1959).
(5)
Finger, S., and Piccolino, M.,
The Shocking History
of Electric Fishes: From Ancient Epochs to
the Birth of Modern
Neurophysiology (Oxford
University Press USA,
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(6)
Copenhaver, B. P., ‘A Tale of Two
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(8)
Finger and Piccolino, The Shocking History of
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(9)
Solomon, S., et al., ‘Safety and
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(10)
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(11)
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(12)
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(13)
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(14)
Wulf, A., The Invention of Nature: Alexander Von
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(16)
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الفصل الرابع عشر: التوجُّه الحيوي للحياة
(1)
Wallace, A. R., Darwinism: An Exposition
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(2)
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(14)
Davies, R., ‘1 July 1858: What
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الفصل الخامس عشر: حول البازلاء وزهور الربيع والذباب والقوارض العمياء
(1)
Wallace, A. R., Mimicry, and Other Protective
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(14)
Zhao, H., Yang, J.-R., Xu, H.,
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الجزء الرابع: الشفرة الكونية
الفصل السادس عشر: هل عالَمُنا هو الأفضلُ في كل العوالم الممكنة؟
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الفصل الثامن عشر: آلية عمل الشفرة
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الفصل التاسع عشر: هل عالَمنا هو الأبسط من بين كل العوالم الممكنة؟
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Epilogue
خاتمة
(1)
Spade, P. V., The
Cambridge Companion to Ockham (Cambridge
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Geschichte in Der Zeit Kaiser Ludwigs Des
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France, 2, 117–30
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(3)
Wheeler, J. A., ‘How Come the Quantum?’,
Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, 480, 304–16
(1986).
