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مراجع وقراءات إضافية

General introductions to the field:
  • Adler, F. (2013) Criminology. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill.
  • Liebling, A., Maruna, S., and McAra, L. (eds) (2017) Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology. London: Routledge.
  • Reiner, R. (2016) Crime. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Tonry, M. (2013) Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.

الفصل الأول: مقدمة عن علم الجريمة

Sources of quotations in this chapter:
  • ‘A philosopher produces ideas …’: Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 30; quoted also in Wheen, F. (1999) Karl Marx. London: Fourth Estate, pp. 308–9.
  • ‘[Criminology] has no distinct theoretical object …’, Garland, D. (2011) Criminology’s place in the academic field, in Bosworth, M. and Hoyle, C. (eds), What is Criminology? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
On the history and place of criminology:
  • Beirne, P. (1993) Inventing Criminology. London: SUNY Press.
  • Bosworth, M. and Hoyle, C. (eds) (2011) What is Criminology? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Garland, D. (1985) The criminal and his science: a critical account of the formation of criminology at the end of the nineteenth century, British Journal of Criminology 25: 109–37.
  • Garland, D. (2002) Of crimes and criminals: the development of criminology in Britain, in Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rafter, N. (ed.) (2009) Origins of Criminology: Readings from the Nineteenth Century. London: Routledge.

الفصل الثاني: ما هي الجريمة؟

Sources of quotations in this chapter:
On violence against women:
  • United Nations General Assembly (2006) In-depth study of all forms of violence against women, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/419/74/PDF/N0641974pdf?OpenElement.
  • Randall, M. and Venkatesh, V. (2006) Symposium on the international legal obligation to criminalize marital rape: criminalizing sexual violence against women in intimate relationships: State obligations under human rights law, American Journal of International Law Unbound, January.
On the James Bulger and Silje Redergard cases:
  • Green, D.A. (2008) When Children Kill Children. Oxford: Clarendon Press
On stop and frisk in the US and other jurisdictions:
  • New York Civil Liberties Union: http://www.nyclu.org/content/stop-and-frisk-data.
  • Gelman, A., Fagan, J., and Kiss, A. (2012) An analysis of New York City Police Department’s ‘stop and frisk’ policy in the context of claims of racial bias, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102/479: 813–23.
  • Bowling, B. and Phillips, C. (2007) Disporportionate and discriminatory: reviewing the evidence on police stop and search, Modern Law Review, 70/6: 936–61.
On indigenous imprisonment in Australia:
  • Weatherburn, D. (2014) Arresting Incarceration: Pathways Out of Indigenous Imprisonment. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
  • Weatherburn, D. and Ramsay, S. (2016) What is causing the growth in indigenous imprisonment in New South Wales? Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, Issue paper no.118, August.
On (corporate) crime and harm:
  • Tombs, S. and Whyte, D. (2015) The Corporate Criminal. London: Routledge.
  • Hillyard, P. and Tombs, S. (2007) From ‘crime’ to ‘social harm’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 48/1–2: 9–25.

الفصل الثالث: مَن يرتكب الجريمة؟

On criminal careers and patterns of offending:
  • Wolfgang, M.E., Figlio, R.M., and Sellin, T. (1972) Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Loeber, R., Farrington, D.P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M, and White, H.R. (2008) Violence and Serious Theft: Development and Prediction from Childhood to Adulthood. New York: Routledge.
  • Prime, J., White, S., Liriano, S., and Patel, K. (2001) Criminal careers of those born between 1953 and 1978. Statistical Bulletin 4/01. London: Home Office.
  • Clancy, A., Hough, M., Aust, C., and Kershaw, C. (2001) Crime, Policing and Justice: The Experience of Ethnic Minorities. Findings from the 2000 British Crime Survey. London: Home Office.
Comparing different data sources:
  • Jolliffe, D. and Farrington, D.P. (2014) Self-reported offending: Reliability and validity, in Bruinsma, G. and Weisburd, D. (eds), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Piquero, A.R., Schubert, C., and Brame, R. (2014) Comparing official and self-report records of offending across gender and race/ethnicity in a longitudinal study of serious youthful offenders, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51: 526–56.
  • Farrington, D.P., Auty, K.M., Coid, J.W., and Turner, R.E. (2013) Self-reported and official offending from age 10 to age 56, European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 19: 135–51.
Offending, gender, and ethnicity:
  • Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, M., Rutter, P., and Silva, A. (2001) Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Piquero, A.R. and Brame, R.W. (2008) Assessing the race-crime and ethnicity-crime relationship in a sample of serious adolescent delinquents, Crime and Delinquency, 54/3: 390–422.
  • Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J.D., and Raudenbush, S.W. (2005) Social anatomy of racial and ethnic disparities in violence, American Journal of Public Health, 95: 224–32.
White-collar offending:
  • Braithwaite, J. (1979). Inequality, Crime and Public Policy. London: Routledge.
  • Tombs, S. and Whyte, D. (2015) Introduction to the special issue on ‘Crimes of the powerful’, Howard Journal, 54/1: 1–7.
  • Klenowski, P.M. and Dodson, K.D. (2016) Who commits white-collar crime, and what do we know about them?, in Van Slyke, S.R., Benson, M.L., and Cullen, F.T. (eds), The Oxford Handook of White Collar Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cohen, M.A. (2016) The costs of white collar crime, in Van Slyke, S., Benson, M.L., and Cullen, F.T. (eds), Oxford Handbook of White Collar Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.
Costs of crime:
  • Anderson, D.A. (2012) The cost of crime, Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, 7: 209–65.
Distribution of offending:
  • ‘adult antisocial behaviour virtually requires childhood antisocial behaviour’: Robins, L.N. (1978) Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies, Psychological Medicine, 8: 611–22, at p. 611.
  • Farrington, D. and West, D. (1993) Criminal, penal and life histories of chronic offenders: risk and protective factors and early identification, Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 3: 492–523.
  • Farrington, D. (2010) Life-course and developmental theories in criminology, in McLaughlin, E. and Newburn, T. (eds), Sage Handbook of Criminological Theory. London: Sage.
  • Moffitt, T.E. (1993) Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy, Psychological Review, 100/4: 674–701.
  • Raine, A. (2013) The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime. London: Penguin.
  • Raine, A. (2002) Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behaviour in children and adults: a review, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30/4: 311–26.
  • ‘You cannot pin the blame on poverty …’: Raine, A. (2013) The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime. London: Allen Lane.
Desistance:
  • Sampson, R.J. and Laub, J. (2005) A life-course view of the development of crime, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 602: 12–45.
  • Maruna, S. (2001) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lives. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

الفصل الرابع: كيف نقيس الجريمة؟

On measures of crime:
  • Tonry, M. and Farrington, D. (2005) Crime and Punishment in Western Countries 1980–1999. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Langton, L. (2012) Victimizations not reported to the police, 2006–2010. US Department of Justice Special Report, NCJ 238536.
  • Donald Cressey, ‘police have an obligation to protect the reputation of their cities …’, quoted in: Wolfgang, M.E. (1962–3) Uniform crime reports: a critical appraisal, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 111: 708.
  • Xu, J. (2017) Legitimization imperative: the production of crime statistics in Guangzhou, China, British Journal of Criminology, 58/1: 155–76.
In Australia:
  • Ombudsman Victoria (2009) Crime Statistics and Police Numbers, Session 2006-09 P.P. No. 173, March.
In England and Wales:
  • Public Administration Committee (2014) Caught red-handed: why we can’t count on police recorded crime statistics, Thirteenth Report.
Measuring violence against women:
  • Kruttschnitt, C., Kalsbeek, W.D., and House, C.C. (eds) (2014) Panel on Measuring Rape and Sexual Assault in Bureau of Justice Statistics Household Surveys. London: National Academies Press.
  • Committee on National Statistics: http://sites.nationalacademies.org.
  • Division on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, Washington DC, http://sites.nationalacademies.org/DBASSE/index.htm.
  • Lauritsen, J.L., Gatewood Owens, J., Planty, M., Rand, M.R., and Truman, J.L. (2012) Methods for Counting High-Frequency Repeat Victimizations in the National Crime Victimization Survey, NCJ 237308. Washington DC: US Department of Justice.
  • Walby, S. and Myhill, A. (2001) New methodologies in researching violence against women, British Journal of Criminology, 41/3: 502–22.
  • Walby, S., Towers, J., and Francis, B. (2016) Is violence increasing or decreasing? A new methodology to measure repeat attacks making visible the significance of gender and domestic relations, British Journal of Criminology, 56/6: 1203–34.

الفصل الخامس: فهم الاتجاهات الحديثة السائدة في الجريمة

General overview:
  • Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
On the impact of insurance:
Routine activities:
  • Cohen, L. and Felson, M. (1979) Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activities approach, American Sociological Review, 44/3: 588–608.
The civilizing process and crime:
  • Elias, N. (1978) The Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Pinker, S. (2011) The Better Angels of our Nature. London: Penguin.
  • Eisner, M. (2001) Modernization, self-control and lethal violence: the long-term dynamics of European homicide rates in theoretical perspective, British Journal of Criminology, 41/4: 618–38.
The ‘underclass’ and crime:
  • Murray, C.A. (1990) The Emerging British Underclass. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
  • Lister, R. (1996) Charles Murray and the Underclass: The Developing Debate. London: Institute for Economic Affairs.

الفصل السادس: فَهْم أسباب تراجُع الجريمة

General overview:
  • Farrell, G., Tilley, N., and Tseloni, A. (2014) Why the crime drop?, in Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice, 43: 421–89.
  • Tonry, M. (2014) Why crime rates are falling throughout the Western world, in Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice, 43: 1–62.
  • Baumer, E.P. and Wolff, K.T. (2014) Evaluating contemporary crime drop(s) in America, New York City, and many other places, Justice Quarterly, 31/1: 41–74.
  • Roeder, O., Eisen, L-B., and Bowling, J. (2015) What Caused the Crime Decline? New York: Brennan Center for Justice, New York University.
  • Levitt, S.D. (2004) Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: four factors that explain the decline and six that do not, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18/1: 163–90.
Political economy:
  • Zimring, F. (2007) The Great American Crime Decline. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Reiner, R. (2016) Crime. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Lynch, M.J. (2012) Re-examining political economy and crime and explaining the crime drop, Journal of Crime and Justice, 36/2: 248–62.
Deterrence and recidivism:
  • Tonry, M. (2008) Learning from the limitations of deterrence research, Crime and Justice, 37/1: 279–311.
  • Nagin, D. (2013) Deterrence in the twenty-first century, Crime and Justice, 42/1: 199–263.
  • Durose, M.R., Snyder, H.N., and Cooper, A.D. (2014) Multistate criminal history patterns of prisoners released in 30 states, U.S. Department of Justice, NCJ 248942.
  • Weatherburn, D. (2010) The effect of imprisonment on adult reoffending, Crime and Justice Bulletin, New South Wales: Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research.
Incapacitation:
  • Zimring, F. and Hawkins, G. (1995) Incapacitation: Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Spelman, W. (2000) The limited importance of prison expansion, in Blumstein, A. (ed.), The Crime Drop in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Skarbek, D. (2014) The Social Order of the Underworld. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Policing:
  • Braga, A.A. (2014) The effects of hot spots policing on crime: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Justice Quarterly, 31/4: 633–63.
  • Zimring, F. (2012) The City that Became Safe: New York’s Lessons for Urban Crime and Its Control. New York: Oxford University Press.
Security hypothesis:
  • Martinson, R. (1974) What works? Questions and answers about prison reform, The Public Interest, 35: 22–54.
  • Clarke, R.V.G. and Newman, G. (2006) Outsmarting the Terrorists. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Farrell, G. (2011) The crime drop and the security hypothesis, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48/2: 147–75.
Abortion law reform:
  • Donohue, J.J. and Levitt, S.D. (2001) The impact of legalized abortion on crime, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116/2: 379–420.
Lead in petrol:
  • Nevin, R. (2000) How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in I.Q., violent crime and unwed pregnancy, Environmental Research, 83: 1–22.
  • Nevin, R. (2007) Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure, Environmental Research, 104: 315–36.
  • Weatherburn, D., Halstead, I., and Ramsay, S. (2016) The great (Australian) property crime decline, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 15/3: 257–78.

الفصل السابع: كيف نكافح الجريمة؟

Informal social control:
  • Tittle, C. (1980) Sanctions and Social Deviance. New York: Praeger.
  • Goffman, E. (1983) The interaction order, American Sociological Assocation, 1982 Presidential Address, American Sociological Review, 48/1: 1–17.
  • Toby, J. (1957) Social disorganization and a stake in conformity: complementary factors in the predatory behavior of hoodlums, Journal of Criminology, Criminal Law and Police Science, 48: 12–17.
  • Shapland, J. and Vagg, J. (1988) Policing by the Public. London: Routledge.
Control theory:
  • Hirschi, T. (1969) Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Gottfredson, M. and Hirschi, T. (1990) A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Pasternoster, R. and Bachman, R. (2010) Control theories, in McLaughlin, E. and Newburn, T. (eds), The Sage Handbook of Criminological Theory. London: Sage.
Age-graded theory:
  • Sampson, R. and Laub, J.H. (1993) Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Laub, J.H. and Sampson, R.J. (2003) Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys at Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls, F. (1997) Neighbourhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy, Science, 277/5328: 918–24.

الفصل الثامن: كيف نمنع حدوث الجريمة؟

  • ‘A calm and dispassionate recognition …’: Winston Churchill: Hansard Parliamentary Debates, HC Deb, 20 July 1910 vol. 19, c.1354.
On the ‘rehabilitative ideal’:
  • Garland, D. (1987) Punishment and Welfare. London: Gower.
Defensible space/CPED:
  • Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space. New York: Collier.
  • Jeffery, C. Ray. (1971) Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. London: Sage.
Social crime prevention:
  • High/Scope Perry Pre-School Project: https://highscope.org/perrypreschoolstudy.
  • Parks, G. (2000) The High/Scope Perry Pre-School Project, U.S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, October Bulletin.
Rational choice:
  • Clarke, R. and Cornish, D. (2001) Rational choice, in Paternoster, R. and Bachman, R. (eds), Explaining Criminals and Crime. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
  • Cornish, R. and Clarke, R. (2014) The Reasoning Criminal. London: Transaction.
Impact of CCTV:
  • Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (2009) Public-area CCTV and crime prevention: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Justice Quarterly, 26/4: 716–45.
New York crime decline:
  • Kelling, G. and Bratton, W. (1998) Declining crime rates: insiders’ views of the New York City story, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88/4: 1217–31.
  • Harcourt, B. (2001) Illusion of Order. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Techniques of neutralization:
  • Sykes, G. and Matza, D. (1957) Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency, American Sociological Review, 22/6: 664.
Violence reduction and prevention in prison:
  • Wortley, R. and Summers, L. (2005) Reducing prison disorder through situational prevention: the Glen Parva experience, in Smith, M.J. and Tilley, N. (eds), Crime Science: New Approaches to Preventing and Detecting Crime. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
Repeat victimization:
  • Farrell, G., Tseloni, A., and Pease, K., 2005. Repeat victimization in the ICVS and the NCVS, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 7/3: 7–18.
  • Farrell, G., Phillips, C., and Pease, K. (1995) Like taking candy: why does repeat victimization occur? British Journal of Criminology, 35/3: 384–99.
Gas suicide:
  • Clarke, R.V. and Mayhew, P. (1988) The British Gas suicide story and its criminological implications, Crime and Justice, vol. 10. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Displacement and diffusion of crime:
  • Weisburd, D. et al. (2006) Does crime just move around the corner? Criminology, 44/3: 549–91.
  • Weisburd, D., Wyckoff, L.A., Ready, J., Eck, J.E., Hinkle, J.C., and Gajewski, F. (2006) Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits, Criminology, 44: 549–92.
  • Guerette, R.T. and Bowers, K.J. (2009) Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: a review of situational crime prevention evaluations, Criminology, 47/4: 1331–68.
The ethics of situational prevention:
  • Von Hirsch, A., Garland, D., and Wakefield, A. (eds) (2004) Ethical and Social Perspectives on Situational Crime Prevention. Oxford: Hart.
  • ‘The well-used city street …’ Jacobs, J. (1992) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Pantheon, p. 34.

الفصل التاسع: إلى أين يتجه علم الجريمة؟

‘The crimes of our times are those of capital’:
  • Reiner, R. (2016) Crime. London: Polity Press.
A nice collection of essays offering a variety of perspectives on criminology’s past, present, and future can be found in:
  • Bosworth, M. and Hoyle, C. (2011) What is Criminology? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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